PROVISIONAL CODES!: not for Citation or Use WITHOUT AUTHOR PERMISSION !!! ADDITIONAL WARFARE CODES AND POPULATION CODES FOR THE STANDARD SAMPLE Douglas White STDS53.DAT Variables 1116 - 1122 Included here are some of the variety of codes used by Douglas White and Michael Burton (American Anthropologist 1988) as background variables in testing theories (including the role of warfare) about polygyny. Tests of "Alternative Warfare Explanations" (p. 881) included the use of a warfare mortality code by Ember and Ember (1983), and led to a compilation of internal and external warfare ratings by Keith Otterbein and Carol and Melvin Ember, as well as population ratings, for societies in their samples that overlapped with the standard sample. Annotations for locating the Embers' (and Otterbein's) codes are given in coding notes at the end of the data file. White supplemented the codes on these variables by rating some of these same societies plus many others not rated by these other authors. Reliabilities of the Ember's ratings were found to be quite high. Sources for societies newly coded by White are listed in notes following the coded data. Ratings of 0, 1, or 2 in the following codes refer to White's codes, while codes E, T, or B refer to Otterbein's or the the Embers' codes, which can be consulted in original sources as to the presence or absence of warfare. The key applicable to consulting the E, T and B codes is as follows: E = Ember and Ember (see below) T = Otterbein B = both Embers and Otterbein For the codes of these authors, referenced but not provided here, see: E&E - Melvin Ember and Carol Ember, 1983. Marriage, Family, Kinship. HRAF Press. Refers to four separate articles: Chapter 4. Melvin Ember. Warfare, Sex Ratio, and Polygyny. pp. 109- 124. Originally published 1974, Ethnology 13: 197-206. Chapter 6. Melvin Ember and Carol R. Ember. The Conditions that Favor Matrilocal and Patrilocal Residence. pp. 151-197. Originally published 1971, American Anthropologist 73: 571-594. Chapter 7. Carol R. Ember. An Evaluation of Alternative Theories of Matrilocal versus Patrilocal Residence. pp. 199-218. Originally published 1974, Behavior Science Research 9: 135-149. Chapter 11. Carol R. Ember. Residential Variation among Hunter- Gatherers. pp. 275-311. Originally published 1975, Behavior Science Research 10: 199-227. Ott - Keith F. Otterbein, 1970. The Evolution of War. HRAF Press. As cited below, Ember and Ember (1972, reprinted 1983) and Carol Ember (Chapter 11 above) also coded depopulation and total population size in testing their theories of residence: Chapter 8. Carol R. Ember and Melvin Ember. The Conditions Favoring Multilocal Residence. pp. 219-248. Originally published 1972, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 28: 382-400. Extended standard codes by White have been provided for these variables. The total population size variables are available for all societies from Murdock and White's pinpointing sheets for the standard sample, and from installments of the Ethnographic Atlas, but they correspond quite closely to the Embers ratings. Again, the Embers codes should be consulted in the original. Editor's note: earlier versions of these codes for which the Embers are in no way responsible mistakenly appeared in issues 3#1 and 5#2-3 of the World Cultures journal. The codes were prepared by White for research use and composed in draft form as a proposed collaboration between the various authors of the original codes. Their mistaken appearance in issue 3#1 was a publisher's error (not indexed into the regular dataset series) not discovered until January 1990. Volume 3#1 was recalled and replaced for this and other errors. The Editor's hope to publish these codes in collaboration with the Embers and Otterbein in issue 5#4 was explored in July and again in September of 1989 but did not meet with approval. Plans for publication as a collaborative document were withdrawn for issue 5#4. Unfortunately, in preparing the standard sample database summary volumes (issues 5#2 and 5#3) in computer accessable form, an unauthorized version of the codes was included. The editor thus apologizes for any embarrassment that this may have caused the Embers and Otterbein, and for the oversight in release of these codes; the publisher has provided replacement diskettes for issues 5#2 and 5#3 as well as 3#1. 1116. Warfare Mortality (E&E 1983: 118) 118 . = Missing data 49 0 = Low or Absent 19 1 = High 1117. Internal Warfare (or Feuding) (E&E 1983: 178, 179, 185, 188, 304-306) (Ott: 143-49 Variable 4) "Fighting between two or more territorial units [at the community level on up] as long as there is a group of fighters on at least one side" (E&E 1983: 167). If pacification occurred, frequency of war ratings were made as far back as 50 years prior to the ethnographic present listed in the Atlas (E&E 1983: 169). Ember and Ember exclude pacified societies from the analysis because they were forced to stop fighting by a more dominant society, and such cases were excluded in their theoretical argument. NO SUCH EXCLUSION IS MADE HERE. If pacification occurred earlier than 50 years back, warfare was coded as rare or absent. They also exclude state societies. No such exclusion is made here. This introduces the problem of how to code civil war within a state system. A special code for civil war is noted. Civil war for Thai ethnic uprising against Khmer domination in the mid-13th C, for example, coded absent because the group is not of the same language family. In a more recent study by the Embers, the time frame is from 15 years prior to the ethnographic present to 10 years after. However, DRW continues to use the 50-year time frame in coding this variable. The coding would be changed for the Bali and Irish. As to whether warfare is internal or external re: various groups, DRW has coded two conflicting groups from the same language family as internal warfare. 35 . = Missing data 65 0 = Absent 81 1 = Present 5 2 = Civil War, in the absense of feuding or other types of internal war (may include civil disorder, uprisising) Except for civil war, Ember and Ember's (1971: 577) definition (also 1983: 167) of warfare is used in this code, and differs from Otterbein's (1970) in that it includes feuding. Turks for example have disorganized and unsystematic feuding between villages, a group on one side, but only individual killings. Nonetheless, this is coded as fitting the definition here. If chiefly expulsion of commoner districts or clans alluded to by Firth occurred in last 50 years (unknown as yet) in Tikopia, this would also be coded as internal war, as it is clear from the 1952 famine incident that the commoners in this case are disposed to resist. By way of contrast, Otterbein's (1970) definition of internal war (not used in this code) excludes feuding: warfare between political communities within the cultural unit, i.e., continguous political communities that are culturally similar (p. 3, 143). "Warfare is defined as armed combat between political communities. Armed combat, which is fighting with weapons, is performed by military organizations. When political communities within the same cultural unit engage in warfare, this is considered to be internal war." "If there is more than one military organization within a political community, and these ... engage in armed combat, this is considered feuding or civil war, depending on the scope of the conflict. The definitions used by Divale (1974), and Tefft and Reinhardt (1974) are similar to that of Otterbein: "armed aggression between political communities". 1118. Pacification by Date of Observation 171 . = Missing data 15 1 = Yes (DRW) 1119. External War Only (Ott: 143-49 Variables 4, 5, 6) (E&E: 204, 205, 207, 209, 304-306) 81 . = Missing data 66 0 = No 39 1 = Yes 1120. Some External War (Ott: 143-49 Variables 5, 6) (E&E: 204, 205, 207, 209, 304-306) 77 . = Missing data 34 0 = Absent 75 1 = Present 1121. Depopulation (E&E 1983: 228, 293) 122 . = Missing data 17 0 = Little or no depopulation 43 1 = Some or considerable depopulation 4 2 = Major depopulation * = soon after pinpointing date Coding agrees: 132, 140, 142, 147, 151, 174, 185 Disagrees: 125 (I code depopulation, Ember and Ember do not) . Total Population (from Standard Sample pinpointing sheets; noted if from Ethnographic Atlas - this variable is present in its logarithmic form below) 1122. log10 of Total Population (* from Standard Sample pinpointing sheets; noted if from Ethnographic Atlas) 10 . = Missing data 2 1 = 10-99 20 2 = 100-999 45 3 = 1000-9999 32 4 = 10000-99999 35 5 = 100000-999999 17 6 = 1000000-9999999 8 7 = 10000000-99999999 1 8 = 100000000-999999999