CLIMATE AND SUBSISTENCE Revised for Issue 2#2 update of World Cultures Douglas R. White, John W. M. Whiting, and Michael L. Burton. 1986. New Codes. STDS36.DAT Variables 854 - 859 Source of climate code compilation: John P. Goode, edited by E. B. Espenshade, Jr. World Atlas, 13th ed., Chicago: McNally. Climate codes 854-856 are compiled from Goode by Whiting and White. Climate code 857 is a recode of 854-855 by White and Burton. Sources of subsistence code compilation: George P. Murdock and Douglas R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. ETHNOLOGY 8: 329-369. Karen E. Paige and Jeffrey M. Paige. 1981. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual. Berkeley: University of California Press. Subsistence code 858 is compiled by White partly from the two sources above and partly from original ethnographic sources. Code 859 is a recode of 858. 854. Niche Temperature (Approximate) Adapted from John Goode, World Atlas . 129 1 = Very hot Af Am Aw Caf Caw BSh BWh 9 2 = Hot Caw Hh<> BWn Bw 13 3 = Warm Cs b Cbw Hk BWk 14 4 = Mild Cb f Cc BSk 3 5 = Cool Daf Daw 4 6 = Cold Dbf 11 7 = Very cold Dcf Dcw 3 8 = Polar ET < > coded as category but fall in this range 855. Niche Rainfall (Approximate) Adapted from John Goode, World Atlas (see categories above) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 49 1 = Tropical rainforest 36 2 = Very wet 24 3 = Wet 20 4 = Moderately wet 35 5 = Dry 3 6 = Very dry 19 7 = Desert 856. Niches Adapted from John Goode, World Atlas # Temperature (1 = Hot) Goode Atlas # Rainfall (1 = Wet) Code Total 11 Tropical Rain Forest Af Am 49 4 1 Congo 1 2 Gold Coast 3 Madagascar 1 4 India 5 Ceylon 1 6 Burma, Siam, Malaysia 7 Cambodia 8 Vietnam 9 Hainan 31 10 Insular Pacific 11 Australian Cairns Area (N.E.) 1 12 Brazilian S.E. Coast 5 13 Amazon Basin 4 14 Ecuadorian & Colombian W. Coast, C. American E. Coast 1 15 Dominican Republic & Antilles 12 Tropical Savannah Aw 36 10 1 C. Africa 5 2 Sudan 3 Madagascar 2 4 India 5 Ceylon 5 6 S.E. Asia (Thailand, Cambodia) 2 7 Bali & Lesser Sundas 1 8 Australia 7 9 Brazil 2 10 Venezuela 1 11 S. W. Mexico and Veracruz 12 Yucatan 1 13 Caribbean 13 Continental Forest Caf 9 1 Durban 2 North Italy 3 Hungary 1 4 Yangtzi 1 5 Taiwan 1 6 S. Korea 1 7 S. Japan 8 Taiwan 9 S.E. Australian Coast 3 10 Argentina 2 11 S.E. U.S. 14 Benares Type (Summer Rain Winter Drought) Caw 4 4 1 North India - Burma 2 N.E. Coast of Australia 15 Tropical Steppe BSh 13 1 Barotseland 8 2 Sudan 1 3 Moroccan 1 4 S. W. Arabia 1 5 Iran - Afghanistan - Pakistan 6 India 7 Australia 8 Brazil - Recife area 1 9 Venezuela - Caracas area 1 10 Central & Northern Mexican and Southern U.S. Plains 17 Tropical Desert BWh 18 2 1 Kalahari 1 2 Somali - Kenya 8 3 Sahara 4 Arabia 5 Dashte Kavir (Iran) 1 6 Baluchistan - Indus 1 7 C. Australia 4 8 Southwest U.S. 1 9 Great Basin 25 Equitorial Highlands Hh 8 1 1 E. Africa 4 2 Ethiopia 3 Borneo 4 New Guinea 5 N. Andes 1 6 C. America 2 7 Meso-America 26 Coastal Desert BWn 1 S.W. Africa 2 S. American W. Coast 127 a Patagonian Desert BW 1 33 Mediterranean Cs, Cs 7 1 Capetown 3 2 Mediterranean 3 S. Australia 1 4 Chile N. Coast 3 5 California 34 a Transvaal Cbw 35 Temperate Highlands Hh 6 2 1 Mongolia 2 Alps 1 3 Caucasus 2 4 S. Andes 1 5 Rockies 36 Mid Latitude Desert BWk 1 Gobi Desert 2 Aral Sea Deserts 43 Moderate Marine Forest Cb 8 1 S. Africa - Port Elizabeth Cbf 2 2 N.W. Europe (incl. England & Ireland) 3 S.E. Australia 4 Tasmania 1 5 New Zealand 6 S. Chile 1 7 Parana (Sao Paolo) 4 8 N.W. Coast 1 44 Tierra del Fuego Cc 1 45 Middle Latitude Steppe BSk 5 2 1 Anatolia 2 2 Central Asian 3 Andean 1 4 Williston 54 Humid Warm Continental Daf 3 1 Romania 2 N. Japan 3 N. China (Huan River) 3 4 U.S. Midlands 55 Humid - Warm Summer Continental Daw 1 N. China (Liao River) 64 Humid Cool Continental Dbf 4 1 1 Russia 1 2 Hokkaido 2 3 Great Lakes 74 Subarctic Taiga (humid all year) Dcf 8 1 1 Scandinavia - N. Russia 2 Kamchatka 7 3 Canada 75 Subarctic (humid summer) Dcw 3 3 1 Siberia Ddw 86 Tundra ET 3 2 1 Old World Circumpolar 1 2 New World Circumpolar 857. Climate Type - Ordered in terms of Open Access to Rich Ecological Resources D. White and M. Burton 1986 . 6 1 = Polar 38 2 = Desert or cold steppe 50 3 = Tropical rainforest 39 4 = Moist temperate 45 5 = Tropical savanna 8 6 = Tropical highlands 858. Subsistence Type - Ecological Classification D. White, 1984, after Karen and Jeffrey Paige (1981) . FORAGERS: 80% or more dependence on food collection 9 1 = Gathering 9 2 = Hunting and/or Marine Animals 12 3 = Fishing 8 4 = Anadromous Fishing (spawning fish such as Salmon) DOMESTICATED ANIMALS: Pastoralism >33% or Mounted Hunting 5 5 = Mounted Hunting 18 6 = Pastoralism SHIFTING CULTIVATION: new field cleared annually, cultivated for a year or two, then allowed to revert to forest 33 7 = Shifting Cultivation, with digging sticks or wooden hoes 19 8 = Shifting Cultivation, with metal hoes HORTICULTURE: semi-intensive agriculture limited mainly to vegetal gardens or groves of fruit trees rather than field crops 18 9 = Horticultural Gardens or Tree Fruits 0 10 = Advanced Horticulture, with metal hoes INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE: permanent fields or short fallow and long period of use of fields, with fertilization by compost, animal manure, crop rotation, or other 23 11 = Extensive Agriculture, with no plow 32 12 = Intensive Agriculture, with plow 859. Resource Base - Reclassification of above, as per Paige and Paige . = Missing data * LOW RESOURCES 9 1 = (2) Hunting and/or Marine Animals 9 2 = (1) Gathering 12 3 = (3) Fishing * UNSTABLE RESOURCES 5 4 = (5) Mounted Hunting 33 5 = (7) Shifting Cultivation, with digging sticks or wooden hoes 8 6 = (4) Anadromous Fishing 18 7 = (9) Horticultural Gardens or Tree Fruits * HIGH RESOURCES 23 8 = (11) Extensive Agriculture, with no plow 0 9 = (10) Advanced Horticulture, with metal hoes 19 10 = (8) Shifting Cultivation, with metal hoes 18 11 = (6) Pastoralism 32 12 = (12) Intensive Agriculture, with plow