LANGUAGE PHYLUM AND FAMILY MEMBERSHIP Revised for Issue 2#2 update of World Cultures New Codes, revised from the Ethnographic Atlas. Compilers: Michael L. Burton, Douglas R. White, John W. M. Whiting STDS35.DAT Variables 851 - 853 Other sources for the Compilation: John Sodergren, Cecil Brown. These codes build on sources cited in the bibliography below: (1) Witowski and Brown, 1985. (2) Whiting, Sodergren and Stigler, 1982 (who in turn build on Greenberg, 1956, 1960 and 1978 and Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). (3) Murdock and White, 1969 (who built on Murdock 1967). Cecil Brown and Terrence Kaufman provided additional corrections. These are provisional rather than definitive language codes, for use primariliy in testing hypotheses where these codes are a proxy for the degree of language similarity via common origin. Language classification is often tentative, especially at higher levels (e.g., phyla), and is a source of considerable disagreement among linguists. Classification at the phylum and family level is cross-indexed to the language codes in Murdock's (1967) Ethnographic Atlas. Language continent is not strictly a linguistic classification, but a possible index of historical provenience. Uncertain designations or classifications are indicated by question marks. Bibliography: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1956. Unidentified essay (cited in Whiting et al.) Greenberg, Joseph H. 1960. The General Classification of Central and South American Languages. In, Men and Cultures. Selected Papers of the 5th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences of 1956. A.F.C. Wallace, ed., pp. 791-794. Philadelphia, Pa. Greenberg, Joseph H. 1978. Toward a World Generic Classification of Languages. Unpublished proposal. Murdock, George P. 1967. Ethnographic Atlas. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Classified 867 societies by genetic relationship. Murdock, George P., and Douglas R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. ETHNOLOGY 8:329-369. Classified 186 societies by genetic relationship. Voegelin, Charles F., and Florence M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages. New York: Elsevier. Whiting, John W. M., John Sodergren, and Stephen M. Stigler. 1982. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 84: 279-298. Language phylum membership for 315 societies combining the standard sample and world linguistic sample. Witowski, Stanley R., and Cecil H. Brown. 1985. Climate, Clothing, and Body-Part Nomenclature. ETHNOLOGY 24: 197-214. Surveyed 104 languages by genetic relationship, provides list of references for lexicon in each. 851. Language Continent ----------------------------------+ 0 = African - Mideastern 1 = East Asian 2 = North Eurasian 3 = North American 4 = South American 852. Language Phylum ----------------------+ | 853. Language Family | | | | | v v | FAMILY PHYLUM | REGION ATLAS | v | CODE v 0 Africa-Arabia v 01 Khoisan 011 SOUTHERN KH 012 NORTHERN KH 02 Niger-Kordofanian 021 ATLANTIC NCA 022 BANTOID NCB 023 EASTERN NCE 024 GUR OR VOLTAIC NCG 025 IJO (IJAW) NCI 026 KWA NCK 027 MANDE NCM 028 KORDOFANIAN KO 03 Nilo-Saharan 031 CENTRAL CNC 032 EASTERN CNE 033 KUNAMAN CNK 034 NUBIAN CNN 035 SONGHAI XX 036 FUR XX 037 SAHARAN KA 038 KOMAM KM 04 Afro-Asiatic 041 BERBER AAB 042 CUSHITIC AAC 043 CHADIC AAD 044 EGYPTIAN AAE 045 SEMITIC AAS 051 ZERMA XX 05 Zerma 1 SE Asia, Oceanea 11 Sino-Tibetan 111 TIBETO-BURMAN TB- 112 SINITIC SI- 12 Dravidian 121 NORTH DR- 122 CENTRAL DR- 123 SOUTH DR- 13 Mon-Khmer 131 KHMER MKC 132 NICOBARESE MKK 133 MUNDA MKM ?134 SEMANG-SAKAI MKS ?135 ANNAMESE AM 14 Indo-Pacific 141 XY 142 WEST PAPUAN MP- 143 CENTRAL PAPUAN PA- 144 BOUGAINVILLE MP- ?145 TASMANIAN AU- 16 Australian 161 AUSTRALIAN AU 17 Austronesian 171 INDONESIAN AUSTRONESIAN MP- 172 NORTHWEST AUSTRONESIAN MP- 173 OCEANIC MP- 174 FORMOSAN MP- 176 MOLUCCAN MP- 18 Thai-Kadai 181 THAI TK- 182 TK- 1. Isolated Families 1.. ANDAMANESE 2 Europe, N. Asia 22 Indo-European 221 ALBANIAN IEA 222 BALTIC IEB 223 CELTIC IEC 224 GERMANIC IEG 225 HELLENIC IEH 226 ARMENIAN IEM 227 INDO-IRANIAN IEP,I 228 ROMANCE IER SLAVIC IES (combined with Balti-Slavic) 23 Caucasian 231 NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN AK 232 NORTH CENTRAL CAUCASIAN CL 233 NORTHEAST CAUCASIAN GR 24 Uralic 241 FINNO-UGRIC UR 242 SAMOYED UR 25 Altaic 251 TUNGUSIC ALG 252 MONGOLIAN ALM 253 TURKIC ALT 244 JAPANESEOREAN JR 245 KOREAN XX ? RYUKUAN 27 Siberian Isolates 271 GILYAK XX 272 CHUCKCHEE-KAMCHATKA LU 273 YUKAGHIR XX 274 YENISEAN XX 28 Miao-Yao 281 MIAO MY 2. Isolated Families 2.. BASQUE XX 2.. AINU XX 2.. BURUSHO XX 3 N. America 31 Eskimo-Aleutian 311 ESKIMOAN ES 312 ALEUTIAN XX 32 NaDene 321 N. ATHABASCAN ATN 322 S. ATHABASCAN ATS 323 PACIFIC " ATP 324 EYAK XX 325 TLINGIT ATT 33 Wakashan 331 WAKASHAN WA 34 Penutian 341 PENUTIAN PE COSTANOAN PEC MAIDU PEM MIWOK PEN WINTUN PEW YOKUTS PEY 342 OREGON PENUTIAN OP CHINOOKAN OPC KALAPOONIAN OPK TAKELMAN OPT 343 SAHAPTIN SH LUTUAMIAN SHL SAHAPTIAN SHS WAILLARPUAN SHW 344 TSIMSIAN-YAKONAN YA 345 GULF PENUTIAN NATCHEZ-MUSKOGAN NM TUNICAN TN YUKIAN YU 35 Salishan 344 SALISHAN SA 36 Macro-Algonkian 361 ALGONKIAN AG 362 RITWAN RI ? CHEMAKUAN CM 38 Macro-Siouan 381 SIOUAN SX 382 CADDOAN CD 383 IROQUOIS IR ?38. YUCHI XX ?38. KERESAN KR 39 Macro-Hokan ? HOKAN HO CHIMARIKAN HOC ESSELENIAN HOE KAROK HOK 394 POMO HOP SHASTAN HOS 399 YUMAN HPY YANAN HOZ ? OTHER SUBFAMILIES COAHUILTECAN CHUMASH JICAQUE KARANKAWA SALINA SERI SUPANEC TEQUISTLALEC TONKAWA WASHO 30 Uto-Aztecan 301 AZTECAN NA ?302 SONORAN PI,TC ? TARACAHITIAN TC 303 SHOSHONEAN SS 3? Kiowa-Tanoan ?3?1 KIOWAN XY ?3?2 TANOAN TA 3. Isolated Families 3.. ZUNI XX 4 C. & S. America 40 Mayan 401 MAYAN MA ?402 MIZOCUAVEAN MZ 41 Mesoamerican 411 OTO-MANGUEAN OM 412 MIXE-ZOQUE MI ? ZAPOTECAN ZA 42 Macro-Carib 421 CARIBAN CA ?422 PEBAN PB ? CHOCO ?423 WITOTAN WI 43 Macro-Chibchan 431 CHIBCHAN CH 432 MISUMALPAN MS 433 PAEZAN XX 434 YANOMAMAN XX 435 WARRAUAN XX ? YUNGA-PURUHAN 44 Ge-Panoan 441 GE GE BORORAN BO CAINGANG CG 442 GUAYCURAN GU MATACO-MAGUAY MM CHIQUITOAN CQ 443 MASCOIAN MN 444 PANOAN PN 445 BOTOCUDO XX ? ZAMUCOAN ZM ? KATUKINIAN KK ? CAHUAPANIAN CP 45 Equitorial 451 TUPI-GUARANI TG 452 JIVAROAN XX 453 TUCANOAN BE 454 ARAWAKAN AR TACANA TUCUNA TU 455 TIMOTE ? ZAPAROAN ZP ? PUINAVEAN PU 46 Andean 471 ARAUCANIAN AC 472 YAHGAN 473 TEHUELCHEAN TH 474 QUECHUAN KE - related to Hokan? see Steward 6:197