THE RELATIVE STATUS OF WOMEN PART 1 Whyte, Martin K. 1978. Cross-Cultural Codes Dealing with the Relative Status of Women. ETHNOLOGY 17:211-237. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. STDS22.DAT Variables: 576-615 STDS23.DAT Variables: 616-636 Only the odd numbered societies are coded in this study. Because of problems of locating sources, the Khmer and Marquesans were coded for later time periods than the pinpointed focus. The change in the focus was not sufficiently great to merit deletion of the Marquesan codes, although they draw on Auxiliary Primary Souces with a focal date of 1860 rather than 1800. As Divale has shown, shifts of focus between studies will lower reliabilities somewhat, in this case neglibly. Because the Khmer focus was changed from 1292 to 1860, however, Whyte's codes have been changed to "missing data" to avoid erroneous correlations. Betweeen 1987 and Dec 1989, codes for some of the even numbered societies, were filled in as coded by undergraduates at U.C. Irvine. The symbol ":" was used in the student codes to indicate coder disagreement. Student codes were found to be less reliable than the original codes, however, and the original Whyte codes were restored to the data disks in December 1989. At this time it was also decided that "original author codes" should be the exclusive standard for all further corrections. This enables the best use of reliability tests where applicable. 576. Sex of Gods and Spirits and Other Super-Natural Beings 119 . = Missing data 10 1 = All male 24 2 = Male are more numerous or more powerful 13 3 = Male are more numerous while power equal or male are more powerful while numbers equal 20 4 = Both and equal in numbers of power or women more numerous while power equal, or women more powerful while numbers equal 577. Mythical Founders of the Culture 121 . = Missing Data 21 1 = All male 18 2 = Both sexes, but the role of men more important 19 3 = Both sexes, and the role of both sexes fairly equal 7 4 = Both sexes, but female role more important, or solely female 578. Sex of Shamans 113 . = Missing Data 14 1 = All male 26 2 = Male more numerous, or more powerful 26 3 = Male more numerous while power equal, or male more powerful while numbers equal, or about equal in both 7 4 = Female more powerful or more numerous or solely female shamans 579. Sex of Reputed Witches 118 . = Missing Data 16 1 = All male 21 2 = Male predominance in numbers or power 23 3 = Both, and equal in numbers or power 8 4 = Female predominance in numbers of power or only female witches 580. Participation in Collective Religious Ceremonies and Rituals 113 . = Missing Data 4 1 = Only males 36 2 = Both, but males more commonly or more prominently 28 3 = Both, and fairly equal participation 5 4 = Both, but women more prominent 581. Funeral or Burial Ceremonies Held 102 . = Missing Data 11 1 = Only for males, or for both, but male more elaborate 73 2 = For both, and roughly equal 582. Intermediate or Local Political Leaders 112 . = Missing Data 65 1 = Only males 7 2 = Both sexes, but males more numerous or more powerful 2 3 = Both sexes, and males more numerous while females equally powerful or males more powerful while females equally numerous 583. Leadership Posts in Kinship or Extended Family Units 124 . = Missing Data 52 1 = Include men only 6 2 = Both, but men have more say and influence 4 3 = Both, with roughly equal influence 584. Participation in Collective Fighting and Warfare 116 . = Missing Data 62 1 = Only men 8 2 = Both, but men do most fighting, women only aid 585. Proportional Contribution of Women to Overall Subsistence 94 . = Missing Data 2 1 = Low 2 2 14 3 23 4 27 5 18 6 2 7 4 8 = High 586. Relative Time and Effort Expended on Subsistence Activities 98 . = Missing Data 14 1 = Men clearly expend more 54 2 = Men and women expend roughly equal 20 3 = Women clearly expend more 587. Community-wide Exclusively Male Work Groups 108 . = Missing Data 20 1 = None 44 2 = For one activity 14 3 = For two or more activities 588. Community-wide Exclusively Female Work Groups 114 . = Missing data 45 1 = None 27 2 = For one or more activity 589. Degree of Segregation in Subsistence Activities 109 . = Missing Data 15 1 = Men and women are sharply segregated 41 2 = Some segregation 21 3 = Little or no segregation in these activities 590. Inheritance of Property of Some Economic Value 105 . = Missing Data 18 1 = Only males, or males except in unusual circumstances 27 2 = Both, but males have definite preference 22 3 = Roughly equal inheritance rights by sex 4 4 = Female preference, or exclusive female rights 591. Ownership or Control of the Use of Dwellings 114 . = Missing Data 22 1 = Solely by men 12 2 = Most owned by men 25 3 = Equal ownership, or no preferential rights 13 4 = Most or all owned or controlled by women 592. Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done Solely by Men 94 . = Missing Data 30 1 = Men have virtually total say 41 2 = Men have predominant say, or no indication of preference 12 3 = Men and women have equal say 9 4 = Women have the predominant or total say 593. Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done by Men and Women 105 . = Missing Data 7 1 = Men have virtually total say 6 2 = Men have the predominant say 60 3 = Men and women have equal say, or no indication of preference 8 4 = Women have the predominant or total say 594. Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done Solely by Women 94 . = Missing Data 6 1 = Men have virtually total say or predominant say 10 2 = Men and women have equal say 62 3 = Women have the predominant say, or no indication of preference 14 4 = Women have virtually total say 595. Domestic work 94 . = Missing Data 47 1 = Males do virtually none 45 2 = Males do some, but mostly done by females 596. Double Standard in Regard to Premarital Sex 113 . = Missing Data 32 1 = Yes 41 2 = No, equal restrictions on male and female 597. Double Standard in Regard to Extramarital Sex 111 . = Missing Data 32 1 = Yes 41 2 = No, equal restrictions 2 3 = Male punished more severely for transgression 598. Extramarital Affairs of Married Women 100 . = Missing Data 40 1 = Not allowed, and apparently rare 29 2 = Not allowed, but apparently not uncommon 17 3 = Allowed, or very common 599. Menstrual Taboos 124 . = Missing Data 11 1 = No menstrual taboos 15 2 = Rule vs. intercourse with menstruating woman 9 3 = Personal restrictions on menstruants, e.g., dietary 3 4 = Stated belief that menstrual blood is dangerous to men 3 5 = A rule that menstruating women may not cook for men 6 6 = Menstruating women are segregated from men, perhaps in a menstrual hut 15 7 = A rule that menstruating women may not have contact with some male things, e.g., fishing gear, bows 600. The Role of Men and Women in Procreation Understood 93 . = Missing Data 7 1 = Men are thought to play the more important role 80 2 = Belief in roughly equal contributions, or no evidence of greater contribution by either sex 6 3 = Women are thought to play the more important role 601. Sexual Drives and Urges Understood 93 . = Missing Data 17 1 = Men are thought to have stronger urges 71 2 = Belief that urges are roughly equal, or no evidence of belief in greater urges by either sex 5 3 = Women are thought to have stronger urges 602. An Explicit View that Sexual Activity is Dangerous or Contaminating 118 . = Missing Data 15 1 = Yes 53 2 = No 603. Role of the Older Generation in Arranging Marriages (1st Marriages Only) 103 . = Missing Data 13 1 = Males monopolize arrangement 33 2 = Both males and females participate, males have more say 28 3 = Both participate, and with roughly equal say 9 4 = Both males and females participate, females have more say 604. Voice of the Potential Bride and Groom in Marriage Decisions 106 . = Missing Data 4 1 = Only the groom can initiate or refuse a match 27 2 = Groom has more ability to initiate or refuse 46 3 = Equal ability to initiate or refuse a match 3 4 = Bride has more ability to initiate or refuse 605. Marriage Payments 109 . = Missing Data 5 1 = Woman exchange 36 2 = Substantial bride price 10 3 = Bride service 10 4 = Token bride price 10 5 = Gift exchange 6 6 = Dowry 606. Preferred Marriage Forms 93 . = Missing Data 22 1 = Polygynous unions over 20% 36 2 = Polygynous unions under 20% 34 3 = Monogamy 1 4 = Polyandry 607. Multiple Spouses 94 . = Missing Data 71 1 = Only for males 4 2 = For both, but more commonly for males 15 3 = For neither 2 4 = For both, but more commonly for females 608. Levirate 110 . = Missing Data 54 1 = Present 22 2 = Absent 609. Relative Distances Moved by the Bride and Groom Away from their Families of Orientation at First Marriage 102 . = Missing Data 58 1 = The female moves farther away 7 2 = About equal distance 19 3 = The male moves farther away 610. Relative Ease of Initiating Divorce 93 . = Missing Data 5 1 = Divorce is in theory only available to male 12 2 = Divorce is possible for both, but more difficult for female 72 3 = Divorce equally possible, no indication of bias 4 4 = Divorce is possible for both, but more difficult for male, or in theory only available to female 611. Relative Ease of Remarriage 101 . = Missing Data 21 1 = Possible for both, but fewer obstacles for men 64 2 = Equally possible for both men and women 612. Average Relative Age at First Marriage of Men and of Women 116 . = Missing Data 2 1 = Women generally older 7 2 = Ages about equal 12 3 = Men 1-2 years older 18 4 = Men 3-4 years older 31 5 = Men more than 4 years older 613. Final Authority over the Care, Handling and Discipline of Infants 119 . = Missing Data 12 1 = monopolized by males, or males have more say 11 2 = is divided roughly equally 21 3 = is divided, but females have more say 23 4 = is monopolized by females 614. Final Authority over the Up-bringing and Discipline of Post-infant Unmarried Children Living in the Home 118 . = Missing Data 11 1 = is virtually monopolized by males 14 2 = is divided, but males have more say 34 3 = is divided roughly equally 9 4 = is divided but females have more say, or final say is virtually monopolized by females 615. Wife to Husband Institutionalized Deference (Guttman Scale) 102 . = Missing Data 29 1 = None of the following coded 15 2 = Husband dominates domestic decision making 21 3 = + Wife excluded from many social gatherings 9 4 = + Wife rarely disputes husband 7 5 = + Husband has seating priority 3 6 = + Wife kneels and bows when greeting husband