INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD Barry, Herbert, III, and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. Infancy and Early Childhood: Cross-Cultural Codes 2. ETHNOLOGY 10: 466-508. Compiled with permission of Ethnology journal editors. STDS02.DAT Vars. 23- 60 infancy & early childhood Variables 23-32 deal with infancy only, from the first year until the transition to early childhood (see 38-39, 42, 44), usually at 12-18 months.The early and late infancy periods of variables 24-27 refer to the first few months after birth versus the period after crawling begins,usually around 9 months. Variables 33-38 include both infancy and early childhood, the latter usually to the age of 4-5 years. Variables 39-50 deal with the transition to childhood, around 12-18 months.Variables 51-60 provide a comparison of infancy and childhood. 23. SLEEPING PROXIMITY OF PARENTS TO INFANT ..Comment: here are the frequencies, code, and label headings for this variable # of Code Descriptive Cases # = Label ----- - - ----- 13 . = Missing Data - 1 = Mo and Fa in different room than infant 12 2 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different room - 3 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa unspecified 30 4 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different bed 55 5 = Mo, Fa same room as infant, beds not specified 24 6 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa different room 5 7 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa not specified 24 8 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa same room 23 9 = Mo and Fa in same bed as infant 24. BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - EARLY INFANCY 55 . = Missing Data 42 1 = None except in emergency 1 2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen 21 3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock 41 4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets 26 5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board 25. BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - LATER INFANCY 63 . = Missing Data 61 1 = None except in emergency 8 2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen 14 3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock 23 4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets 17 5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board 26. BODILY CONTACT - EARLY INFANCY 65 . = Missing Data 3 1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care 16 2 = Occasionally 33 3 = Up to 1/2 time 49 4 = > 1/2 time 20 5 = Almost Constantly 27. BODILY CONTACT - LATE INFANCY 69 . = Missing Data 3 1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care 15 2 = Occasionally 41 3 = Up to 1/2 time 43 4 = > 1/2 time 15 5 = Almost Constantly 28. INFANT CARRYING DEVICES 30 . = Missing Data 22 1 = None, skin contact 22 2 = None, clothing or blanket 75 3 = Sling or Pouch 9 4 = Basket 28 5 = Rigid Cradleboard 29. INFANT CARRYING POSITION 30 . = Missing Data 91 1 = Back 54 2 = Side 10 3 = Front 1 4 = Other 30. INFANT EYE CONTACT WITH CARRIER 44 . = Missing Data 26 1 = Away from carrier 116 2 = Toward carrier 31. INFANT CRYING- RESPONSE 83 . = Missing Data 3 1 = Indifferent or punitive 3 2 = Slow or perfunctory, nurturant 19 3 = Speedy but inconsistently nurturant 67 4 = Generally speedy, nurturant 11 5 = Always speedy, nurturant 32. INFANT CRYING- AMOUNT 139 . = Missing Data 16 1 = Very Infrequent and brief 10 2 = Infrequent and short 9 3 = Infrequent and prolonged 11 4 = Frequent and short 1 5 = Frequent and prolonged 33. CHILDHOOD PAIN INFLICTION 38 . = Missing Data 17 1 = Absent 37 2 = Only neonatally or very mild pain 63 3 = Occasional mild pain 25 4 = Frequent mild pain or infrequent severe pain 6 5 = Frequent pain - 6 = Very painful 34. POST - PARTUM SEX TABOO 52 . = Missing data 2 1 = Intercourse expected soon after birth 7 2 = None 29 3 = 1 month or less 42 4 = 6 months or less 12 5 = 1 year or less 20 6 = 2 years or less 22 7 = > 2 years 35. CEREMONIALISM SURROUNDING CHILD, BEYOND NUCLEAR FAMILY 7 . = Missing Data 20 1 = None 73 2 = Only within first 2 months 56 3 = One occasion at later age 20 4 = Two or more ceremonies 10 5 = Prominent 36. MAGICAL PROTECTIVENESS APPLIED TO PARENTS AND CHILD 8 . = Missing Data 8 1 = None 22 2 = Only neonatal period, e.g., couvade 76 3 = Slight, neonatally and later 66 4 = Moderate, neonatally and later 6 5 = Exaggerated, neonatally and later 37. PHYSICAL PROTECTIVENESS AGAINST CHILDHOOD ILLNESS 20 . = Missing Data 1 1 = No special effort 43 2 = Slight 79 3 = Moderate, e.g., regular baths 39 4 = Some exceptional techniques, e.g., medicines, ointments, diapers 4 5 = Variety of exceptional techniques 38. INTRODUCTION OF NEW FOODS (OTHER THAN MILK) IN CHILDHOOD 95 . = Missing Data 33 1 = Before 1 month 27 2 = 1-6 months 11 3 = 7-12 months, including solids 6 4 = 7-12 months, only liquids or premasticated 14 5 = After 12 months 39. WEANING- AGE AND SEVERITY 29 . = Missing Date 103 1 = > 2 years and gentle 27 2 = > 2 years and severe 17 3 = > 1 year and gentle 5 4 = > 1 year and severe 3 5 = > 6 months and gentle 1 6 = > 6 months and severe 1 7 = < 6 months and gentle - 8 = < 6 months and severe 40. MOTOR SKILLS- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD 109 . = Missing Data 2 1 = Discourage or punish early development 2 2 = Ignore development 22 3 = No active assistance, but attention given 42 4 = Definite but inconsistent rewards 9 5 = Strong Encouragement and assistance 41. AUTONOMY- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD 81 . = Missing Data 25 1 = > 4 years and gradual 3 2 = > 4 years and abrupt 54 3 = 2-4 years and gradual 23 4 = 2-4 years and abrupt, or < 2 years and gradual - 5 = < 2 years and abrupt * note: recode category 4 ======================= 42. ELIMINATION- ENCOURAGEMENT OF CONTROL IN CHILDHOOD 123 0 = None 7 1 = 3-5 years 27 2 = > 18 months 9 3 = > 1 year 7 4 = > 6 months 13 5 = < 6 months 43. COVERING GENITALS- AGE 50 0 = Even adults uncovered 85 1 = Very late 14 2 = Late 2 3 = > 1 year 1 4 = < 6 months 34 5 = After birth 44. WEANING- AGE OF ONSET 30 . = Missing Data 19 1 = up to 12 months 12 2 = 13 - 20 months 67 3 = 21 - 24 6 4 = 25 - 30 36 5 = 31 - 36 9 6 = 37 - 42 7 7 = 43 - 48 - 8 = 49 - 60 - 9 = 61 - 72 45. WEANING- AGE OF TERMINATION 30 . = Missing Data 7 1 = up to 12 months 5 2 = 13 - 20 38 3 = 21 - 24 8 4 = 25 - 30 64 5 = 31 - 36 16 6 = 37 - 42 14 7 = 43 - 48 4 8 = 49 - 60 - 9 = 61 - 72 months 46. WEANING- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER OF ONSET 27 . = Missing Data 7 1 = 1st in onset (among variables 46-50) 80 2 = 2nd 57 3 = 3rd 15 4 = 4th - 5 = 5th 47. MOTOR SKILLS- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER 10 . = Missing Data 121 1 = 1st 46 2 = 2nd 7 3 = 3rd 2 4 = 4th - 5 = 5th 48. AUTONOMY- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER 80 . = Missing Data - 1 = 1st 18 2 = 2nd 46 3 = 3rd 33 4 = 4th 9 5 = 5th 49. ELIMINATION CONTROL- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER 122 . = Missing Data 17 1 = 1st 31 2 = 2nd 10 3 = 3rd 5 4 = 4th 1 5 = 5th 50. COVERING GENITALS- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER 36 . = Missing Data 32 1 = 1st 9 2 = 2nd 34 3 = 3rd 45 4 = 4th 30 5 = 5th 51. NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY 24 . = Missing Data 5 1 = Almost Exclusively Mother 81 2 = Principally Mother, others minor roles 63 3 = Principally Mother, others important roles 10 4 = Mother < 1/2 care 2 5 = Mother minor but significant 1 6 = Mother minimal except for nursing 52. NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD 50 . = Missing Data - 1 = Almost Exclusively Mother 36 2 = Principally Mother, others important roles 60 3 = Mother < 1/2 care 38 4 = Primarily others 2 5 = Exclusively others 53. ROLE OF FATHER, INFANCY 32 . = Missing Data 8 1 = Distant 27 2 = Rarely close 72 3 = Occasionally close 44 4 = Frequently close 3 5 = Regularly close 54. ROLE OF FATHER, EARLY CHILDHOOD 36 . = Missing Data 4 1 = Distant 18 2 = Rarely Close 46 3 = Occasionally Close 73 4 = Frequently Close 9 5 = Regularly Close 55. PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS 48 . = Missing Data 31 1 = Children, Females 4 2 = Children, unspecified 11 3 = Children, both sexes 60 4 = Adult Family, Females - 5 = Adult Family, unspecified 14 6 = Adult Family, both sexes 17 7 = Others, Female 1 9 = Others, both sexes 56. PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS 45 . = Missing Data 10 1 = Peer Group, single sex 1 2 = Peer Group, unspecified 43 3 = Peer Group, both sexes 22 4 = Older Children, single sex 8 5 = Older Children, unspecified 22 6 = Older Children, both sexes 14 7 = Adults, single sex 21 9 = Adults, both sexes 57. GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY (taking 51 and 52 into account) 67 . = Missing Data 1 1 = Severe or neglectful 8 2 = Lesser severity 19 3 = Occasional indulgence 80 4 = Greater 11 5 = Highly affectionate 58. GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES 67 . = Missing Data 36 1 = Low in category 34 2 = Medium in category 49 3 = High in category * Note: Combine 57 and 58 ======================= 59. GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD (taking 51 and 52 into account) 54 . = Missing Data 2 1 = Severe 24 2 = Less Severity 32 3 = Occasional Severity 64 4 = Greater Leniency 10 5 = Consistently Lenient 60. GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES 54 . = Missing Data 43 1 = Low in Category 44 2 = Medium in Category 45 3 = High in Category * Note: Combine 59 and 60 =======================