SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY AND SUPPORTIVE PRACTICES
George P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. ETHNOLOGY 9:302-330.
Datafile: STDS01.DAT Vars. 1- 22 subsistence
INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
Barry, Herbert, III, and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. ETHNOLOGY 10: 466-508.
Datafile: STDS02.DAT Vars. 23- 60 infancy & early childhood
Vars. 23-32 deal with infancy only, from the first year until the
transition to early childhood (see 38-39, 42, 44), usually at 12-18
months.The early and late infancy periods of variables 24-27 refer to
the first few months after birth versus the period after crawling
begins,usually around 9 months. Vars. 33-38 include both infancy and
early childhood, the latter usually to the age of 4-5 years. Vars.
39-50 deal with the transition to childhood, around 12-18
months.Vars. 51-60 provide a comparison of infancy and childhood.
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
George P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson. 1972. ETHNOLOGY 11: 254-295.
Datafile: STDS03.DAT Vars. 61- 80 settlement & community
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
Tuden, Arthur, and Catherine Marshall. 1972. ETHNOLOGY 11:436-464.
Datafile: STDS04.DAT Vars. 81- 98 political organization
DIVISION OF LABOR
Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost. 1973. ETHNOLOGY 12:203-225.
Datafile: STDS05.DAT Vars. 99-148 division of labor
CULTURAL COMPLEXITY
Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost. 1971. ETHNOLOGY 12:379-392.
Datafile: STDS06.DAT Vars. 149-158 cultural complexity
SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES
Broude,Gwen, and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. ETHNOLOGY 15:409-429.
Datafile: STDS07.DAT Vars. 159-178 sexual practices & attitudes
CLIMATE DATA FROM WEATHER STATIONS
Whiting, John W. M. (New Codes: Not Previously Published)
Datafile: STDS08.DAT Vars. 179-199 climate
These codes are taken from Climate maps, for weather stations closest to
the time and place of each societal focus.
ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS
Murdock, George P. 1962-1971. Installments in ETHNOLOGY. These are some of the
most accurate codings in the database
STDS09.DAT Vars. 200-231
STDS10.DAT Vars. 232-268
STDS11.DAT Var. 269
STDS12.DAT Vars. 270-292
200. REGION
201. AREA
202. EA NUMBER
203. DEPENDENCE ON GATHERING
204. DEPENDENCE ON HUNTING
205. DEPENDENCE ON FISHING
206. DEPENDENCE ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
207. DEPENDENCE ON AGRICULTURE
208. MODE OF MARRIAGE
209. MODE OF MARRIAGE (ALTERNATE)
210. DOMESTIC ORGANIZATION
211. COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC GROUP
212. MARITAL COMPOSITION WITHIN EXTENDED FAMILIES
213. MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: FIRST YEARS
214. TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: FIRST YEARS
215. MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: AFTER FIRST YEARS
216. TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: AFTER FIRST YEARS
217. MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: ALTERNATE FORM
218. TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: ALTERNATE FORM
219. COMMUNITY MARRIAGE ORGANIZATION
220. COMMUNITY MARRIAGE ORGANIZATION (Alternate)
221. LARGEST PATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
222. LARGEST PATRILINEAL EXOGAMOUS GROUP (IF DIFFERENT)
223. LARGEST MATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
224. LARGEST MATRILINEAL EXOGAMOUS GROUP (IF DIFFERENT)
225. COGNATIC KIN GROUPS
226. SECONDARY COGNATIC KIN GROUP: WHERE BOTH KINDREDS AND RAMAGES
227. NUMBER OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Allowed)
228. NUMBER OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Preferred)
229. SUBTYPES OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Allowed)
231. KIN TERMS FOR COUSINS
232. INTENSITY OF CULTIVATION
233. MAJOR CROP TYPE
234. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
235. MEAN SIZE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES
236. JURISDICTIONAL HIERARCHY OF LOCAL COMMUNITY
237. JURISDICTIONAL HIERARCHY BEYOND LOCAL COMMUNITY
238. HIGH GODS
239. GAMES
240. POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS
241. MALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS
242. SEGREGATION OF ADOLESCENT BOYS
243. ANIMALS AND PLOW CULTIVATION
244. PREDOMINANT TYPE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
245. MILKING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
246. SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY
247. DESCENT: MAJOR TYPE (From Vars. 121-126)
248. SEX DIFFERENCES IN METAL WORKING
249. SEX DIFFERENCES IN WEAVING
250. SEX DIFFERENCES IN LEATHER WORKING
251. SEX DIFFERENCES IN POTTERY MAKING
252. SEX DIFFERENCES IN BOAT BUILDING
253. SEX DIFFERENCES IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
254. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN METAL WORKING
255. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN WEAVING
256. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN LEATHER WORKING
257. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN POTTERY MAKING
258. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN BOAT BUILDING
259. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
260. SEX DIFFERENCES IN GATHERING
261. SEX DIFFERENCES IN HUNTING
262. SEX DIFFERENCES IN FISHING
263. SEX DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
264. SEX DIFFERENCES IN AGRICULTURE
265. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN GATHERING
266. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN HUNTING
267. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN FISHING
268. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
269. Murdock's Language Code: Revised in a later issue; no codes here.
270. CLASS STRATIFICATION
271. CLASS STRATIFICATION, SECONDARY FEATURE
272. CASTE STRATIFICATION (ENDOGAMY)
273. CASTE STRATIFICATION, SECONDARY TYPE
274. TYPE OF SLAVERY
275. FORMER PRESENCE OF SLAVERY
276. SUCCESSION TO THE OFFICE OF LOCAL HEADMAN
277. SUCCESSION TO OFFICE OF LOCAL HEADMAN, BREAKDOWN OF HEREDITARY SUCCESSION
278. INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY (LAND)
279. INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
280. INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY
281. INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
282. NORMS OF PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR OF GIRLS
283. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: GROUND PLAN
284. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: FLOOR LEVEL
285. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: WALL MATERIAL
286. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: SHAPE OF ROOF
287. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: ROOFING MATERIALS
288. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: GROUND PLAN
289. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: FLOOR LEVEL
290. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: WALL MATERIAL
291. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: SHAPE OF ROOF
292. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: ROOFING MATERIALS
TRAITS INCULCATED IN CHILDHOOD
Barry, Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall
1976. ETHNOLOGY 15:83-114.
STDS13.DAT Vars. 293-336
AGENTS AND TECHNIQUES OF CHILD TRAINING
Barry, Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall 1977.
ETHNOLOGY 16:191-230.
STDS14.DAT Vars. 337-376 STDS15.DAT Vars. 377-404
STDS16.DAT Vars. 405-432 STDS17.DAT Vars. 433-460
STDS18.DAT Vars. 461-480
PARENTAL ACCEPTANCE-REJECTION AND PARENTAL CONTROL
Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1982. ETHNOLOGY 20:245-260.
STDS19.DAT Vars. 481-504
STDS20.DAT Vars. 505-528
ADOLESCENT INITIATION CEREMONIES
Schlegel, Alice, and Herbert Barry, III. 1979. Adolescent Initiation
Ceremonies. ETHNOLOGY 18:199-210.
STDS21.DAT Vars. 529-560
REPRODUCTIVE RITUALS
Paige, Karen Paige and Jeffrey Paige. 1981. THE POLITICS OF
REPRODUCTIVE RITUALS. University of California Press. Reprinted with
Permission of Authors and Publishers.
STDS22.DAT Vars. 561-575
THE RELATIVE STATUS OF WOMEN
Whyte, Martin K. 1978. ETHNOLOGY 17:211-237.
Only the odd numbered societies are coded in this study.
STDS22.DAT Vars. 576-615
STDS23.DAT Vars. 616-636
Some of the even numbered societies in file 22 were coded by undergraduates at
U.C. Irvine. Many of these even-numbered societal codes are less reliable than
the original codes, and it is advised that a sample of odd-numbered cases be
selected for hypothesis testing. A new variable, "sample," has been added in
the first column of this study. If the sample variable is used as a layer
(control) variable in cross-tabs, the comparison of the students' versus
Whyte's codes can be a useful check for sources of bias in codings because of
naïve inference.
KIN TERM PATTERNS
Murdock, George P. 1970. ETHNOLOGY 9:165-207.
STDS25.DAT Vars. 637-644 (not including 645-656)
CULTURAL THEORIES OF ILLNESS
George P. Murdock and Suzanne Wilson. 1978. ETHNOLOGY 17:449-470.
STDS25.DAT Vars. 645-656 (not including 637-644)
FEMALE POWER AND MALE DOMINANCE
Sanday, Peggy. 1981. FEMALE POWER AND MALE DOMINANCE: ON THE ORIGINS OF SEXUAL
INEQUALITY. New York: Cambridge University Press. Codes previously unpublished.
STDS26.DAT Vars. 657-679
FEMALE STATUS: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Whyte, Martin K. 1978. THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN PREINDUSTRIAL
SOCIETIES. Princeton University Press. Previously Unpublished.
STDS27.DAT Vars. 680-709
STDS28.DAT Vars. 710-738
Only the odd numbered societies are coded in this study.
HUSBAND-WIFE RELATIONSHIPS
Broude, Gwen, and Sarah J. Greene. 1983. ETHNOLOGY 22:263-280.
STDS29.DAT Vars. 739-755
POLITICAL DECISION MAKING AND CONFLICT
Marc Ross, 1983. Political Decision Making and Conflict: Additional
Cross-Cultural Codes and Scales. Ethnology 22: 169-192.
STDS30.DAT Vars. 756-797
DATA QUALITY CONTROL VARIABLES FOR CHILD TRAINING
Ronald P. Rohner, D. Scott Berg, and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1982. Data
Quality Control in the Standard Sample: Cross-Cultural Codes.
Ethnology 21: 359-372.
STDS31.DAT Vars. 798-813
The references used for coding the sample were derived from Barry
and Paxson's (1971) research on infancy and childhood.
SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR REVISITED
Herbert Barry III and Alice Schlegel. 1982. Cross-Cultural Codes
on Contributions by Women to Subsistence. Ethnology 21: 165-188.
STDS32.DAT Vars. 814-826
ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Herbert Barry, III, and Alice Schlegel. 1984. Measurements of
Adolescent Sexual Behavior in the Standard Sample of Societies.
Ethnology 23: 315-332.
STDS33.DAT Vars. 827-832
STANDARD CROSS-CULTURAL SAMPLE
George P. Murdock and Douglas R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-Cultural
Sample. Ethnology 8: 329-369.
STDS34.DAT Vars. 833-844
LANGUAGE PHYLUM AND FAMILY MEMBERSHIP
Michael L. Burton, Douglas R. White, John W. M. Whiting John Sodergren,
Cecil Brown. New Codes, revised from the Ethnographic Atlas.
STDS35.DAT Vars. 851-853
CLIMATE AND SUBSISTENCE
Douglas R. White, John W. M. Whiting, and Michael L. Burton. 1986.
New Codes.
STDS36.DAT Vars. 854-859
POLYGYNY: FORM AND FREQUENCY
Douglas R. White (project begin in collaboration with Michael L. Burton,
and John W. M. Whiting). New Codes.
STDS37.DAT Vars. 860-878
MAGICO-RELIGIOUS PRACTITIONERS
Michael J. Winkelman and Douglas R. White. 1987.
A cross-cultural study of magico-religious practitioners and trance states:
database. HRAF: Cross-Cultural Data Series. Photocopied & disk.
Michael J. Winkelman. 1992. Shamans, Priests and Witches: A Cross-Cultural
Study of Magico-Religious Practitioners. Arizona State University: Anthropological
Research Papers, Vol 44.
STDS38.DAT Vars. 878-884
Samples every 4th society in the Standard Sample (1, 5, 9, ...), but
societies 9 and 185 have insufficient data to code; 2 added
FEMALE CONTRIBUTION TO SUBSISTENCE
Douglas R. White. Scales constructed from existing codes.
STDS39.DAT Vars. 885-890
THE NATURE OF WARFARE
Valerie Wheeler [Nammour], l974. Drums and Guns: A Cross-Cultural Study of the
Nature of War. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Oregon.
Datafile: STDS40.DAT Vars. 891-916. Warfare
SLAVERY AND SOCIAL DEATH
Orlando Patterson. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative
Study. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
Datafile: STDS41.DAT Vars. 917-920. Slavery
Definitions: Patterson defines slaveholding as "permanent dominant
violation of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons." This
excludes non-hereditary slavery, and thus does not include what Murdock
(1967: 166) classifies as incipient slavery. His focus is on
slaveholding societies, and excludes societies largely composed of
former slaves.
For the most part these are historical periods in which slaveholding is
present by Patterson's definition, and they contain the standard sample
pinpointing date. However, Patterson is careful about his dates and his
selective use of discrepancies from the standard sample temporal
pinpointing should be carefully noted.
In the following cases, judging from those with large scale
slaveholding, Patterson shifts to an earlier date when the slave system
was operative or recently ceased. The focal period for the presence of
slaveholding in these cases is usually fifty years (in one case 100
years, in another 200) prior to the standard sample focal date.
Largescale
STDS Patterson Slaveholding
Foci Foci Era
20 Mende 1945 Early 1900s Late 19th C.
21 Wolof 1950 Late 1800s-early 1900s 1300-1900
25 Wodaabe Fulani 1951 Late 1800s-early 1900s 1750-1900
27 Massa 1910 Late 1800s 1600-1800s
30 Otoro Nuba 1930 Late 1800s-early 1900s None
40 Teda 1950 Early 1900's None
85 Iban 1950 Early 1900's None
112 Ifugao 1910 Early 1800's None
116 Koreans 1947 Late 1800s 660-1700s
159 Goajiro 1947 Early 1900's None
However, in the following cases with large scale slaveholding at an
earlier date the pinpointing focus was not shifted, apparently because
the Standard Sample focal groups were not slaveholders but formed either
part of the slave population, or were peripheral to the slaveholding
system:
Largescale
STDS Patterson Slaveholding
Foci Foci Era
17 Ibo 1935 1900-1935 18th & 19th C's
22 Bambara 1902 1800-1910 1464-1720
24 Songhai 1940 1464-1720
26 Hausa 1900 late 1800s-early 1900s 1600-1800
165 Saramacca 1928 1790-1862
The only other date discrepancy is for following:
38 Bogo 1855 Early 1900's No data
Entries for slaveholding should be considered for the following:
37 Amhara 1953 "Traditional" Yes
AGRICULTURAL POTENTIALS
Source: Frederic L. Pryor, 1986. The Adoption of Agriculture: Some
Theoretical and Empirical Evidence. American Anthropologist 88:894-897.
Datafile: STDS42.DAT Vars. 921-930. Agricultural Potentials
The evaluations of data quality were made by the author, who notes that
such judgements are highly subjective.
VARIETIES OF SEXUAL EXPERIENCE
Suzanne G. Frayser. 1985. Varieties of Sexual Experience. HRAF Press.
STDS43.DAT vars 931-950
STDS44.DAT vars 951-970
STDS45.DAT vars 971-985
Note: In this dataset, 0's for some information, but insufficient to
code are not as yet distinguished from .'s for no information or not
coded. For several of the codes [931, 932, 941, 951, 958, 969, 975, 978,
979] the original source should be consulted as these are originally
rankings of multiple factors and only the highest ranked item is coded
here
ENCULTURATIVE CONTINUITY AND IMPORTANCE OF CARETAKERS
Ronald P. Rohner and Evelyn C. Rohner, l982, BEHAVIOR SCIENCE RESEARCH
STDS46.DAT Vars. 986-1005
This and subsequent contributions are provided by arrangement with
editors of the journal BEHAVIOR SCIENCE RESEARCH
STDS47.DAT Vars. 1006-1066
Finished Variable Codebook Filename: SYSEC.COD Diskette: Worldsys
STDS48.DAT Vars. 1067-1071
Finished Variable Codebook Filename: RENTAX Diskette: Worldsys
Data from "A Cross-Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence
Change" by Candice Bradley, Carmella C. Moore, Michael L. Burton,
and Douglas R. White. 1990. American Anthropologist, 92:2:447-457
(June 1990).
"Reproduced by permission of the American Anthropological Association
from AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 92:2, June 1990. Not for further
reproduction."
This project was funded by NSF grant BNS-83-04782 to Michael Burton
and Douglas White and by NSF grant BNS-85-07685 to Douglas White and
Michael Burton.
STDS49.DAT Vars. 1072 - 1085
STDS50.DAT Vars. 1086-1112
Finished Variable Codebook Filename: TURB.COD Diskette: Worldsys
STDS51.DAT Vars. 1113-1114
FRONTIER CHARACTERISTICS
STDS52.DAT Vars. 1115
Finished Variable Codebook Filename: CONTACT Diskette: Worldsys
STATE ORGANIZATION
George Peter Murdock, 1957. World Ethnographic Sample. American
Anthropologist 59: 664-687.
STDS55.DAT Variable 1132
1132. POLITICAL INTEGRATION (WES COL 15; EA VAR 89)
DESPOTISM AND HAREM SIZE
Laura Betzig. 1986. Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian
View of History. New York: Aldine. Introductions and explanations of the
variables by the author were published in World Cultures, 1988, Volume 4,
Number 4.
Reprinted with permission of the author and Aldine Publishing Company.
(c) 1986 Aldine Publishing Company.
STDS56.DAT Vars. Vars. 1133 - 1135
DIVORCE
Laura Betzig. 1989. Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-Cultural
Study. Current Anthropology 30: 654-676.
Reprinted with permission of the author and the Editor of Current
Anthropology.
STDS57.DAT Vars. 1136-1163 deal with causes listed under
Infidelity (III), Infertility (IV), Personality (V), and Economics (VI)
STDS58.DAT Vars. deals with causes listed under Conflicts with In-Laws
(VII), Ritual (VIII), Absence or Desertion (IX), Health (X), and Politics (XI)
RAPE
Patricia D. Roze-Koker. 1987. Cross-Cultural Codes on Seven Types of Rape
Behavior Science Research 21: 101-117.
STDS59.DAT Vars.
Vars. 1179-1187 use the following definitions, designed to
clarify instances of rape that would be "hidden" by Western or
male-oriented definitions of rape. By these definitions, all of
the societies in the sample coded had one or more types of rape -
Rape: Genital contact that is unchosen by the woman, as indicated
by one or more of (a) statement that female is given no choice in
the matter, (b) use or threat of force or coercion, (c) presence
of multiple males with one (or few) females, (d) contact is
described as physically painful, or would be thought to be so, or
when the contact has consequences which would indicate
painfulcontact, such as loss of consciousness or death, (e) when
nonparticipation would result in some form of punishment or other
negative outcomes
. = Missing data or genital contact by uncertain as to whether
the female lacked choice, or no description of one or more
of the following: sex offenses, sexual deviance,
sexuality, marital relations, and ceremonies
0 = Absent if lack of choice but no genital contact, or
contact that is chosen or consented to by the female.
Inferred if unchosen genital contact is not mentioned but
there is a description of sex offenses, sexual deviance,
sexuality, marital relations and ceremonies
1 = Present if (1) a female experiences genital contact
(includes buttocks) from a male using penis, fingers, or
objects, and (2) such contact involves a lack of choice on
the part of the female
EVIL EYE
John M. Roberts, 1976. Belief in the Evil Eye in World Perspective. In
Clarence Maloney, ed. The Evil Eye. Columbia University Press. pp. 223-
278.
Copyright c.(1976) Columbia University Press, New York. Used by
permission.
STDS60.DAT Vars. 1188 - 1189
KIN AVOIDANCE
Douglas R. White. n.d. Kinship Avoidance. Codes compiled and recoded
from unpublished kinship sheets by G. P. Murdock.
STDS61.DAT Vars. 1190 - 1225
KIN BEHAVIORS
George P. Murdock. Cross-Sex Kinship Behavior. Ethnology. ??
STDS62.DAT Variables 1126 - 1237
MARRIAGE TRANSACTIONS
Alice Schlegel and Rohn Eloul. 1987 A New Coding of Marriage
Transactions. Behavior Science Research 21: 118-140.
STDS63B.COD
FEMALE BEAUTY AND ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY CODES
Judith L. Anderson, Charles B. Crawford, Joanne Nadeau, and Tracy Lindberg.
1992 Was the Duchess of Windsor Right? A Cross-Cultural Review of the
Socioecology of Ideals of Female Body Shape. ETHOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY 13:197-
227.
STDS63.DAT Vars. 1248-1252 sexuality
PATHOGEN STRESS CROSS-CULTURALLY: CODES
Bobbi S. Low. 1988. Pathogen Stress and Polygyny in Humans.
In, HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR: A DARWINIAN PERSPECTIVE. (L. Betzig, M.
Borgerhoff Mulder, and P. Turke, eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pp. 115-127.
The odd-numbered SCCS societies were originally in this article. The STDS64.DAT
Vars. 1253-1260 contain scores the full sample.
STDS64.DAT Vars. 1253-1260 Disease
STARVATION AND FAMINE AMONG SCCS SOCIETIES: CODES
Robert Dirks. 1993. Starvation and Famine: Cross-Cultural and Some Hypothesis
Tests. CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH 27:28-69. Vars. 1261 to 1269 were published
in this article. STDS65.DAT contains some scores that were reported as missing
in the article. The scale for recurrence of famine (Variable 1269) is revised
and does not match the scale in the article. Variable 1270 was previously
unpublished.
STDS65.DAT Vars. 1261-1270 Hunger and Famine
1
12
SCCS Codebooks, Volume I Page
SN society names and dates SN.cod 81 1238,-1247 White & Murdock