Standard Cross-Cultural Codes (SCCCodes.doc 3-09-05; ** for corrections)
(Cumulatively edited by Douglas R. White, Michael Burton, William Divale,
Patrick Gray, Andrey Korotayev, Daria Khalturina)
see also
index of variables
index of studies with variables
Please notify Douglas.White @uci.edu of further variables that need the notation "(codes not ordered)"
or "(VAR LABEL REVERSED)" - 60+ variables. All 280+ variables marked "(codes not ordered)" would need
recoding before computing correlates or factors
Comparative Ethnographic Data, coded for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.
Ethnology 8: 329-369. George P. Murdock and Douglas R. White. 1969.
The first study in this series was published by Murdock and Morrow (1970) and
has twenty-two variables. Preceding the bibliographic entry is the name of the
machine-readable codebook file for this study, e.g., notes on these codes
, originally
published in World Cultures. Following the entry is the name of the file that
contains the coded data, the number of variables in the study, and an
abbreviated heading for the contents of the study. There follows the codebook
for that study. As new codes are published, each variable coded in the study is
numbered sequentially and cumulatively. An abbreviated variable name follows
each variable number.
Under each variable are two columns of numbers corresponding to a frequency and
a number for the coding category described after the equals sign. For example,
the line reading "7 1 = No Trade" under variable 1 indicates that seven of
the 186 societies in the standard sample are coded as having no
interintercommunity trade as source of food. Just above that we see that three
societies of the 186 could not be coded by the coders for this study, who in
this case are Murdock and Morrow. The frequency column under each variable
number should always sum to 186 (including missing data).
Some series of variables, such as those listed below, have an alternate means
of listing the frequencies of cases coded for each variables.
99-148
203-209
219-230
248-273
278-281
294-560
Subsets of variables in these series are ones that share identical coding
categories. Hence the names of the variables are listed first, and the
categories for each of these variables are defined only once, with the
frequencies of societies for each category listed in columns following the
variable. Consult variables 93-98 or 108-115 for examples. In each case the
frequencies in each column (under the heading for a particular variable number)
should, as always for this sample, sum to 186.
notes on these codes
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY AND SUPPORTIVE PRACTICES
George P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow. 1970. ETHNOLOGY 9:302-330.
Datafile: STDS01.DAT Vars. 1- 22 subsistence
1. INTERCOMMUNITY TRADE AS FOOD SOURCE
..Comment: here are the frequencies, code, and label headings for this
variable
# of Code Descriptive
Cases # = Label
--- - -----
3 . = (dot) Missing Data
7 1 = No Trade
51 2 = Food Imports absent although trade present
Food Imports present, and contribute:
4 3 = Salt or Minerals only
81 4 = < 10% of food (90% form local extractive sources)
38 5 = < 50% of food, and less than any single local source
- 6 = < 50% of food, and more than any single local source
2 7 = > 50% of food
2. FOOD IMPORT ACQUISITION
62 . = Missing Data
49 1 = Direct individual exchanges
10 2 = Indirect individual exchanges
28 3 = Local markets
34 4 = Middlemen
3 5 = Three or four of above
3. AGRICULTURE- CONTRIBUTION TO LOCAL FOOD SUPPLY
35 1 = None
3 2 = Non-food Crops
17 3 = < 10%
12 4 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
42 5 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
77 6 = Primarily agricultural
4. CROPS- PRINCIPAL
36 . = Missing Data
2 1 = Non-food
- 2 = Vegetables
14 3 = Tree or Vine
38 4 = Roots
96 5 = Cereals
5. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
8 1 = None
41 2 = Present, not food source
67 3 = < 10% food supply
33 4 = < 50% - chiefly meat
21 5 = < 50% - chiefly dairy
- 6 = < 50% - chiefly honey
16 7 = > 50%
6. ANIMALS- DOMESTICATED
8 . = Missing Data
54 1 = Small Species, e.g. Bees, Cats, Dogs, Fowl
34 2 = Pigs
23 3 = Ovides
14 4 = Equines
3 5 = Reindeer
4 6 = Camels
46 7 = Bovines
7. FISHING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
2 . = Missing Data
27 1 = None
79 2 = < 10% food supply
55 3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
10 4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
13 5 = > 50%
8. FISH
29 . = Missing Data
6 1 = Shellfish
122 2 = True fish
1 3 = Large aquatic animals
28 4 = Two or more of above
9. HUNTING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
4 . = Missing Data
18 1 = None
3 2 = Not food source
85 2 = < 10% food supply
61 3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
8 4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
7 5 = > 50%
10. ANIMALS HUNTED
23 . = Missing Data
18 1 = Birds or Waterfowl
35 2 = Small Mammals
65 3 = Large Game
45 4 = Two or more of above
11. GATHERING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
4 . = Missing Data
16 1 = None
116 2 = < 10% food supply
40 3 = < 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
7 4 = < 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
3 5 = > 50%
12. GATHERED FOODS
21 . = Missing Data
18 1 = Wild Animal products
15 2 = Wild Herbs, Leaves, Blossoms
7 3 = Tree Pith, e.g., Sago
11 4 = Wild Roots or Tubers
54 5 = Wild Fruit, seeds, nuts, berries
60 6 = Two or more of the above
13. LAND TRANSPORT (especially regarding food transport)
1 . = Missing Data
108 1 = Human Carriers, incl. tumpline
41 2 = Pack Animals
13 3 = Draft Animals (sleds, travois)
12 4 = Animal Drawn Wheeled vehicles
11 5 = Motorized vehicles
14. ROUTES OF LAND TRANSPORT
5 . = Missing Data
124 1 = Unimproved Trails
26 2 = Improved Trails, for porters or animal carriers
22 3 = Unpaved Roads, for wheeled vehicles
9 4 = Paved Roads
15. WATER TRANSPORT
5 . = Missing Data
20 1 = None, but feasible note: 1 & 2 should be reversed
56 2 = Not feasible
10 3 = Floats or rafts
73 4 = Human powered craft
20 5 = Sail powered craft
2 6 = Motorized craft
16. WATER CRAFT
91 0 = None
50 1 = Small, for <10 people or load equivalent
31 2 = Medium, for >10 people or load equivalent
14 3 = Large, for >40 people or load equivalent
17. MONEY (MEDIA OF EXCHANGE) AND CREDIT
3 . = Missing Data
77 1 = No media of exchange or money
12 2 = Domestically usable articles as media of exchange
26 3 = Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange
42 4 = Foreign coinage or paper currency
26 5 = Indigenous coinage or paper currency
18. CREDIT SOURCE
17 . = Missing Data
113 1 = Personal loans between friends or relatives
26 2 = Internal money lending specialists
23 3 = External money lending specialists
7 5 = Banks or comparable institutions
19. PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD
31A 1 = Year-round food supply, none
29B 2 = Year-round food supply, simple
14C 3 = Year-round food supply, complex
8E 4 = Daily variation, none
2F 5 = Daily variation, simple
-G 6 = Daily variation, complex
24I 7 = Seasonal variation, barely adequate
46J 8 = Seasonal variation, adequate
16K 9 = Seasonal variation, adequate
6L 10 = Annual variation, barely adequate
5M 11 = Annual variation, adequate
3N 12 = Annual variation, adequate
2O 13 = Imported food, barely adequate
-P 14 = Imported food, adequate
Note: Remove Letters
20. FOOD STORAGE
4 . = Missing Data
36 1 = None
129 2 = Individual households
7 3 = Communal facilities
3 4 = Political agent controlled repositories
7 5 = Economic agent controlled repositories
21. FOOD SURPLUS VIA STORAGE
69 1 = None or barely adequate
84 2 = Simple or adequate
33 3 = Complex or More than adequate
22. FOOD SUPPLY (ECOLOGICAL OR DISTRIBUTION NETWORK)
74 1 = Year-round food supply locally
10 2 = Daily variation in food supply
86 3 = Seasonal variation
14 4 = Annual variation
2 5 = Imported food supply
notes on these codes
INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
Barry, Herbert, III, and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. ETHNOLOGY 10: 466-508.
Datafile: STDS02.DAT Vars. 23- 60 infancy & early childhood
Variables 23-32 deal with infancy only, from the first year until the
transition to early childhood (see 38-39, 42, 44), usually at 12-18
months.The early and late infancy periods of variables 24-27 refer to
the first few months after birth versus the period after crawling
begins,usually around 9 months. Variables 33-38 include both infancy and
early childhood, the latter usually to the age of 4-5 years. Variables
39-50 deal with the transition to childhood, around 12-18
months.Variables 51-60 provide a comparison of infancy and childhood.
23. SLEEPING PROXIMITY OF PARENTS TO INFANT
..Comment: here are the frequencies, code, and label headings for this
variable
# of Code Descriptive
Cases # = Label
--- - -----
13 . = Missing Data
- 1 = Mo and Fa in different room than infant
12 2 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different room
- 3 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa unspecified
30 4 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different bed
55 5 = Mo, Fa same room as infant, beds not specified
24 6 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa different room
5 7 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa not specified
24 8 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa same room
23 9 = Mo and Fa in same bed as infant
24. BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - EARLY INFANCY
55 . = Missing Data
42 1 = None except in emergency
1 2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen
21 3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock
41 4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets
26 5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board
25. BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - LATER INFANCY
63 . = Missing Data
61 1 = None except in emergency
8 2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen
14 3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock
23 4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets
17 5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board
26. BODILY CONTACT - EARLY INFANCY
65 . = Missing Data
3 1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care
16 2 = Occasionally
33 3 = Up to 1/2 time
49 4 = > 1/2 time
20 5 = Almost Constantly
27. BODILY CONTACT - LATE INFANCY
69 . = Missing Data
3 1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care
15 2 = Occasionally
41 3 = Up to 1/2 time
43 4 = > 1/2 time
15 5 = Almost Constantly
28. INFANT CARRYING DEVICES
30 . = Missing Data
22 1 = None, skin contact
22 2 = None, clothing or blanket
75 3 = Sling or Pouch
9 4 = Basket
28 5 = Rigid Cradleboard
29. INFANT CARRYING POSITION
30 . = Missing Data
91 1 = Back
54 2 = Side
10 3 = Front
1 4 = Other
30. INFANT EYE CONTACT WITH CARRIER
44 . = Missing Data
26 1 = Away from carrier
116 2 = Toward carrier
31. INFANT CRYING- RESPONSE
83 . = Missing Data
3 1 = Indifferent or punitive
3 2 = Slow or perfunctory, nurturant
19 3 = Speedy but inconsistently nurturant
67 4 = Generally speedy, nurturant
11 5 = Always speedy, nurturant
32. INFANT CRYING- AMOUNT
139 . = Missing Data
16 1 = Very Infrequent and brief
10 2 = Infrequent and short
9 3 = Infrequent and prolonged
11 4 = Frequent and short
1 5 = Frequent and prolonged
33. CHILDHOOD PAIN INFLICTION
38 . = Missing Data
17 1 = Absent
37 2 = Only neonatally or very mild pain
63 3 = Occasional mild pain
25 4 = Frequent mild pain or infrequent severe pain
6 5 = Frequent pain
- 6 = Very painful
34. POST - PARTUM SEX TABOO
52 . = Missing data
2 1 = Intercourse expected soon after birth
7 2 = None
29 3 = 1 month or less
42 4 = 6 months or less
12 5 = 1 year or less
20 6 = 2 years or less
22 7 = > 2 years
35. CEREMONIALISM SURROUNDING CHILD, BEYOND NUCLEAR FAMILY
7 . = Missing Data
20 1 = None
73 2 = Only within first 2 months
56 3 = One occasion at later age
20 4 = Two or more ceremonies
10 5 = Prominent
36. MAGICAL PROTECTIVENESS APPLIED TO PARENTS AND CHILD
8 . = Missing Data
8 1 = None
22 2 = Only neonatal period, e.g., couvade
76 3 = Slight, neonatally and later
66 4 = Moderate, neonatally and later
6 5 = Exaggerated, neonatally and later
37. PHYSICAL PROTECTIVENESS AGAINST CHILDHOOD ILLNESS
20 . = Missing Data
1 1 = No special effort
43 2 = Slight
79 3 = Moderate, e.g., regular baths
4 = Some exceptional techniques, e.g., medicines, ointments,
diapers
4 5 = Variety of exceptional techniques
38. INTRODUCTION OF NEW FOODS (OTHER THAN MILK) IN CHILDHOOD
95 . = Missing Data
33 1 = Before 1 month
27 2 = 1-6 months
11 3 = 7-12 months, including solids
6 4 = 7-12 months, only liquids or premasticated
14 5 = After 12 months
39. WEANING- AGE AND SEVERITY
29 . = Missing Date
103 1 = > 2 years and gentle
27 2 = > 2 years and severe
17 3 = > 1 year and gentle
5 4 = > 1 year and severe
3 5 = > 6 months and gentle
1 6 = > 6 months and severe
1 7 = < 6 months and gentle
- 8 = < 6 months and severe
40. MOTOR SKILLS- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
109 . = Missing Data
2 1 = Discourage or punish early development
2 2 = Ignore development
22 3 = No active assistance, but attention given
42 4 = Definite but inconsistent rewards
9 5 = Strong Encouragement and assistance
41. AUTONOMY- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
81 . = Missing Data
25 1 = > 4 years and gradual
3 2 = > 4 years and abrupt
54 3 = 2-4 years and gradual
23 4 = 2-4 years and abrupt, or < 2 years and gradual
- 5 = < 2 years and abrupt
* note: recode category 4
=======================
42. ELIMINATION- ENCOURAGEMENT OF CONTROL IN CHILDHOOD
123 0 = None
7 1 = 3-5 years
27 2 = > 18 months
9 3 = > 1 year
7 4 = > 6 months
13 5 = < 6 month
43. COVERING GENITALS- AGE
50 0 = Even adults uncovered
85 1 = Very late
14 2 = Late
2 3 = > 1 year
1 4 = < 6 months
34 5 = After birth
44. WEANING- AGE OF ONSET
30 . = Missing Data
19 1 = up to 12 months
12 2 = 13 - 20 months
67 3 = 21 - 24
6 4 = 25 - 30
36 5 = 31 - 36
9 6 = 37 - 42
7 7 = 43 - 48
- 8 = 49 - 60
- 9 = 61 - 72
45. WEANING- AGE OF TERMINATION
30 . = Missing Data
7 1 = up to 12 months
5 2 = 13 - 20
38 3 = 21 - 24
8 4 = 25 - 30
64 5 = 31 - 36
16 6 = 37 - 42
14 7 = 43 - 48
4 8 = 49 - 60
- 9 = 61 - 72 months
46. WEANING- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER OF ONSET
27 . = Missing Data
7 1 = 1st in onset (among variables 46-50)
80 2 = 2nd
57 3 = 3rd
15 4 = 4th
- 5 = 5th
47. MOTOR SKILLS- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
10 . = Missing Data
121 1 = 1st
46 2 = 2nd
7 3 = 3rd
2 4 = 4th
- 5 = 5th
48. AUTONOMY- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
80 . = Missing Data
- 1 = 1st
18 2 = 2nd
46 3 = 3rd
33 4 = 4th
9 5 = 5th
49. ELIMINATION CONTROL- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
122 . = Missing Data
17 1 = 1st
31 2 = 2nd
10 3 = 3rd
5 4 = 4th
5 = 5th
50. COVERING GENITALS- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
36 . = Missing Data
32 1 = 1st
9 2 = 2nd
34 3 = 3rd
45 4 = 4th
30 5 = 5th
51. NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY
24 . = Missing Data
5 1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
81 2 = Principally Mother, others minor roles
63 3 = Principally Mother, others important roles
10 4 = Mother < 1/2 care
2 5 = Mother minor but significant
1 6 = Mother minimal except for nursing
52. NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD
50 . = Missing Data
- 1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
36 2 = Principally Mother, others important roles
60 3 = Mother < 1/2 care
38 4 = Primarily others
2 5 = Exclusively others
53. ROLE OF FATHER, INFANCY
32 . = Missing Data
8 1 = Distant
27 2 = Rarely close
72 3 = Occasionally close
44 4 = Frequently close
3 5 = Regularly close
54. ROLE OF FATHER, EARLY CHILDHOOD
36 . = Missing Data
4 1 = Distant
18 2 = Rarely Close
46 3 = Occasionally Close
73 4 = Frequently Close
9 5 = Regularly Close
55. PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS
48 . = Missing Data
31 1 = Children, Females
4 2 = Children, unspecified
11 3 = Children, both sexes
60 4 = Adult Family, Females
5 = Adult Family, unspecified
6 = Adult Family, both sexe
17 7 = Others, Female
1 9 = Others, both sexes
56. PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS
45 . = Missing Data
10 1 = Peer Group, single sex
1 2 = Peer Group, unspecified
43 3 = Peer Group, both sexes
22 4 = Older Children, single sex
8 5 = Older Children, unspecified
22 6 = Older Children, both sexes
14 7 = Adults, single sex
21 9 = Adults, both sexes
57. GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY (taking 51 and 52 into account)
67 . = Missing Data
1 1 = Severe or neglectful
8 2 = Lesser severity
19 3 = Occasional indulgence
80 4 = Greater
11 5 = Highly affectionate
58. GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES
67 . = Missing Data
36 1 = Low in category
34 2 = Medium in category
49 3 = High in category
* Note: Combine 57 and 58
=======================
59. GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD (taking 51 and 52 into account)
54 . = Missing Data
2 1 = Severe
24 2 = Less Severity
32 3 = Occasional Severity
64 4 = Greater Leniency
10 5 = Consistently Lenient
60. GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES
54 . = Missing Data
43 1 = Low in Category
44 2 = Medium in Category
45 3 = High in Category
* Note: Combine 59 and 60
=======================
notes on these codes
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
George P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson. 1972. ETHNOLOGY 11: 254-295.
Datafile: STDS03.DAT Vars. 61- 80 settlement & community
61. FIXITY OF SETTLEMENT
# of Code Descriptive
Cases # = Label
--- - -----
28 1 = Migratory
21 2 = Seminomadic- fixed then migratory
6 3 = Rotating among 2+ fixed
14 4 = Semisedentary- fixed core, some migratory
15 5 = Impermanent- periodically moved
102 6 = Permanent
62. COMPACTNESS OF SETTLEMENT
18 2 = Dispersed
20 3 = Spatially separated subsettlements
44 4 = Partially dispersed with central core
104 1 = Compact
* Note: Recode Ordinally
======================
63. COMMUNITY SIZE
1 . = Missing Data
28 1 = < 50
28 2 = 50-99
45 3 = 100-199
32 4 = 200-399
29 5 = 400-999
15 6 = 1,000-4,999
5 7 = 5,000-49,999
3 8 = > 50,000
64. POPULATION DENSITY
2 . = Missing Data
36 1 = < 1 person per 5 sq. mile
22 2 = 1 person per 1-5 sq. mile
25 3 = 1-5 persons per sq. mile
27 4 = 1-25 persons per sq. mile
34 5 = 26-100 persons per sq. mile
20 6 = 101-500 persons per sq. mile
20 7 = over 500 persons per sq. mile
65. TYPES OF DWELLING
- . = Missing Data
13 1 = Conical
2 2 = Beehive
11 3 = Dome or hemispherical
5 4 = Wedge-shape roof
6 5 = Semicylindrical
24 6 = Cone-cylinder
49 7 = Rectangular on ground, vegetal material walls
18 8 = Rectangular on piles
17 9 = Rectangular on ground, mineral material walls
12F 10 = Flat roofs
9R 11 = Caves or rock shelters
9T 12 = Tents
8S 13 = Semisubterranean
3X 14 = Miscellaneous
* note: eliminate letters
66. LARGE OR IMPRESSIVE STRUCTURES
96 1 = None
24 2 = Residences of influential individuals
31 3 = Secular or public building(s)
27 4 = Religious or ceremonial building(s)
4 5 = Military structure(s)
4 6 = Economic or industrial building(s)
67. HOUSEHOLD FORM
6 1 = Large communal structures
4 2 = Multi-family dwellings
87 3 = Single family dwellings
37 4 = Family homestead
24 5 = Multi-dwelling households, each with married pair
9 6 = Multi-dwelling households, husband rotates among wives
3 7 = Mother-child households, husbands separate
16 8 = Multi-dwelling households, each dwelling occupied
by individual married man or woman
68. FORM OF FAMILY (SEE 79, 80)
7 1 = Monogamous, no polygyny
42 2 = Monogamous, < 20% polygyny
26 3 = Polygynous, > 20%
2 4 = Polyandrous
9 5 = Stem family, monogamy
7 6 = Stem family, < 20% polygyny
10 7 = Small extended, monogamy
30 8 = Small extended, < 20% polygyny
19 9 = Small extended, > 20% polygyny
5M 10 = Large extended, monogamy
17N 11 = Large extended, < 20% polygyny
12P 12 = Large extended, > 20% polygyny
* note: eliminate letters
=======================
69. MARITAL RESIDENCE
1 . = Missing data
38 1 = Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin
8 2 = Avunculocal - with husband's mother's brother's kin
118 3 = Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin
12 4 = Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin
9 5 = Neolocal - separate from kin
70. DESCENT - MEMBERSHIP IN CORPORATE KINSHIP GROUPS
26 1 = Matrilineal - through female line
10 2 = Double descent - separate groups through male and female lines
75 3 = Patrilineal - through male line
6 4 = Ambilineal - through one parent in each generation
69 5 = Bilateral - not a corporate kin group
71. DESCENT GROUPS, LOCATION OF CORE GENDER GROUP
69 0 = None - Bilateral
22 1 = Localized lineages - in community, more than one per community
6 2 = Clan communities - core group and spouses constitute community
89 3 = Dispersed sibs - core group dispersed in different communities
72. INTERCOMMUNITY MARRIAGE
1 . = Missing data
11 1 = Local endogamy 90-100%
50 2 = Local endogamy 61-89% (agamous)
51 3 = Local endogamy 40-60% (agamous)
38 4 = Local endogamy 11-39% (agamous)
5 = Local endogamy 0-10% (exogamy)
73. COMMUNITY INTEGRATION
6 1 = Lacking or low compared to community segments or larger polity
26 2 = By common residence only
16 3 = Common Identity, dialect, subculture
78 4 = Overlapping Kin ties
8 5 = Common social or economic status
20 6 = Common political ties
32 7 = Common religious ties
74. PROMINENT COMMUNITY CEREMONIALS
67 1 = Rites of passage
69 2 = Calendrical
36 3 = Magical or religious
14 4 = Individual sponsored and communally attended (e.g., potlatch)
75. CEREMONIAL ELEMENTS
54 1 = Feasting and/or drinking
10 2 = Exchanges other than food
51 3 = Entertainment
57 4 = Sacrifice other than human
13 5 = Human sacrifice
1 6 = Masochistic behavior
76. COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP
13 1 = No centralized local leadership
4 2 = Higher level only
54 3 = Single local leader
8 4 = Dual/plural headmen
72 5 = Single local leader and council
15 6 = Local councils
10 7 = Single local leader and subordinates
10 8 = Too complex to be coded
77. LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, PRIMARY
3 . = Missing data
17 1 = No headman or council
10 2 = By appointment
10 3 = Seniority
2 4 = Divination
37 5 = Informal consensus
22 6 = Electoral process
61 7 = Patrilineal
14 8 = Matrilineal
10 9 = Hereditary with personal qualifications
78. LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, SECONDARY
126 . = Missing Data
- 1 = No headman or council
- 2 = By appointment
33 3 = Seniority
- 4 = Divination
22 5 = Informal consensus
3 6 = Electoral process
2 7 = Patrilineal
79. POLYGAMY
2 1 = Polyandry - primarily monogamous with some plural husbands
31 2 = Monogamy
96 3 = Polygyny < 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry)
67 4 = Polygyny > 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry)
80. FAMILY SIZE
7 1 = Nuclear Monogamous
70 2 = Nuclear Polygynous
16 3 = Stem Family
59 4 = Small extended
34 5 = Large extended
notes on these codes
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
Tuden, Arthur, and Catherine Marshall. 1972. ETHNOLOGY 11:436-464.
Datafile: STDS04.DAT Vars. 81- 98 political organization
81. POLITICAL AUTONOMY
2 . = Missing data
16 1 = Dependent totally
41 2 = Semi-autonomous
4 3 = Tribute paid
78 4 = De facto autonomy
16 5 = Equal status in pluralistic society
29 6 = Fully autonomous
82. TREND IN AUTONOMY
2 . = Missing data
54 1 = Declining autonomy
43 2 = Declining territory or population control
49 3 = State of equilibrium
22 4 = State of equilibrium, expanding territory
16 5 = Increasing autonomy
83. LEVELS OF SOVEREIGNTY
2 . = Missing data
98 1 = Stateless society
31 2 = Sovereignty 1st hierarchical level up
14 3 = Sovereignty 2nd hierarchical level up
41 4 = Sovereignty 3rd or higher hierarchical level
84. HIGHER POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
3 . = Missing data
85 1 = Absent
28 2 = Peace group
46 3 = Alliances
7 4 = Confederation
17 5 = International organization
85. EXECUTIVE
3 . = Missing data
98 1 = Absent
7 2 = Council
22 3 = Executive and Council
2 4 = Plural executive
54 5 = Single leader
86. SELECTION OF EXECUTIVE
7 . = Missing data
98 1 = Absent
21 2 = Patrilineal, Fa to So
3 3 = Patrilineal, Fa to FaBr, then to So
5 4 = Matrilineal, MoBr to SiSo
1 5 = Matrilineal, MoBr to MoBr
24 6 = Ruling family
1 7 = Decision by limited power group
12 8 = Elected by council
2 9 = Informal recognition
6(10)E = Formal elections
5 (11) A = Appointee of alien society
1 (12) D = Divination
87. DELIBERATIVE AND CONSULTATIVE BODIES
5 . = Missing data
154 1 = Absent
5 2 = Aristocrats
5 3 = Appointed
9 4 = By ethnic components
8 5 = Elective
88. ADVISORY BODIES
5 . = Missing data
98 1 = Absence of sovereignty
28 2 = Absent
14 3 = Relatives of executive
2 4 = Favorites of executive
- 5 = Secret society
13 6 = Subordinate groups
3 7 = Hereditary
23 8 = Subordinate functionaries
89. JUDICIARY
3 . = Missing data
103 1 = Absent
6 2 = Not local
49 3 = Executive
23 4 = Appointed by executive
1 5 = Priesthood
1 6 = Hereditary
90. POLICE
6 . = Missing data
124 1 = Not specialized
4 2 = Incipient specialization
4 3 = Retainers of chiefs
6 4 = Military
42 5 = Specialized
91. ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCHY
3 . = Missing data
98 1 = Absent
7 2 = Popular Assemblies
8 3 = Heads of kin groups
38 4 = Heads of decentralized territorial divisions
31 5 = Heads of centralized territorial divisions
1 6 = Part of centralized system
92. SELECTION OF SUBORDINATE OFFICIALS
9 . = Missing data
98 1 = Absent
16 2 = Patrilineal succession
2 3 = Matrilineal succession
12 4 = Ruling lineage
2 5 = Seniority of age
4 6 = Personal qualities
10 7 = Formal election
33 8 = Appointment by executive
VARIABLES 93-98: SOURCES OF POLITICAL POWER
93. POLITICAL POWER- MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE
94. SECOND MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE
95. THIRD
96. FOURTH
97. FIFTH
98. SIXTH
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
93 94 95 96 97 98
-- -- -- -- -- --
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
. = Missing data 3 114 145 170 181 184
0 = Direct subsistence production 90
1 = Warfare wealth 11 5 6 3
2 = Tribute or taxes 3 4 1 1 1
3 = Slaves 13 12 4 1 2
4 = Contributions of free citizens 20 7 2
5 = Large land-holdings 12 5 1
6 = Political office 14 8 14 6 1
7 = Foreign Commerce 6 19 9 2 1 1
8 = Capitalistic enterprises 11 6 4 1
9 = Priestly services 3 6 2 1
notes on these codes
DIVISION OF LABOR
Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost. 1973. ETHNOLOGY 12:203-225.
Datafile: STDS05.DAT Vars. 99-148 division of labor
Description of study
Codebook corrections: 3/16/2007 Variables 99-148
. = Task Present, sex --> -1 = Task Present, sex
-1 = No data on task --> . = No data on task
FOOD COLLECTION
Table 1
99. 50 VEGETAL
100. 9 EGGS, INSECTS, AND/OR SMALL LAND FAUNA
101. SHELLFISH/SMALL AQUATIC FAUNA
102. HONEY
103. FOWLING
104. FISHING
105. TRAPPING
106. LARGE LAND FAUNA
107. LARGE AQUATIC FAUNA
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
Murdock&P. 1973 Table 1: 44 37 39 16 8 18 20 5 1
99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
-- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
. = Missing data 7 53 24 80 29 4 15 6 9
-1 = Task Present, sex ? 34 48 22 20 2 10 1 2
0 = Task absent 10 18 85 38 16 29 20 36 127
1 = Males exclusively 6 27 11 39 131 83 136 139 48
2 = Males predominant 4 3 4 5 5 45 12 5
3 = Equally 18 9 1 2 3 8 1
4 = Females predominant 42 13 12 5 1
5 = Females exclusively 65 15 27 2 2
FOOD PRODUCTION
108. LAND CLEARANCE
109. SOIL PREPARATION
110. PLANTING
111. CROP TENDING
112. HARVESTING
113. SMALL DOMESTIC ANIMALS
114. LARGE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
115. MILKING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
-1 = Task Present, sex 1 1 3 70 10 10
. = No data on task 2 2 1 4 1 6 2 1
0 = Task absent 44 49 44 48 44 13 76 127
1 = Males exclusively 95 66 27 22 10 19 54 15
2 = Males predominantly 34 27 35 23 37 8 24 2
3 = Equally 6 14 33 24 34 14 14 8
4 = Females predominant 3 17 26 30 34 12 3 2
5 = Females exclusively 1 10 20 32 26 44 3 21
FOOD PREPARATION
116. VEGETAL
117. BUTCHERING
118. PRESERVATION
119. DRINKS
120. DAIRY
121. COOKING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
116 117 118 119 120 121
--- --- --- --- --- ---
. = Missing data 8 19 25 16 8 1
-1 = Task Present, sex ? 2 16 64 42 20 1
0 = Task absent 2 8 31 37 130
1 = Males exclusively 3 122 18 15 4
2 = Males predominantly 1 9 2 3 2
3 = Equally 4 4 3 4 2
4 = Females predominant 21 4 3 4 63
5 = Females exclusively 145 4 40 65 24 117
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
122. MINING/QUARRYING
123. FUEL GATHERING
124. LUMBERING
125. WATER FETCHING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
122 123 124 125
--- --- --- ---
-1 = Task Present, sex 6 11 16 25
. = No data on task 39 7 17 1
0 = Task absent 106 1 14
1 = Males exclusively 31 25 135 4
2 = Males predominantly 1 12 4 4
3 = Equally 2 12 8
4 = Females predominant 24 13
5 = Females exclusively 1 94 131
INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING
126. SKINS
127. SPINNING
128. LOOM WEAVING
129. SMELTING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
126 127 128 129
--- --- --- ---
-1 = Task Present, sex 44 9 1
. = No data on task 13 30 16 24
0 = Task absent 48 56 81 125
1 = Males exclusively 39 7 24 37
2 = Males predominantly 4 3
3 = Equally 2 4 6
4 = Females predominant 5 5 8
5 = Females exclusively 31 72 50
MANUFACTURING
130. MATMAKING
131. NETMAKING
132. BASKETMAKING
133. ROPE OR CORDAGE
134. LEATHER
135. CLOTHING
136. POTTERY
137. WOOD
138. BONE
139. STONE
140. METAL
141. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
. = No data on task 23 31 16 16 23 23 14 4 46 43 16
0 = Task absent 29 45 22 3 57 36 61 1 14 39 93 8
1 = Males exclusively 30 42 37 62 35 16 14 159 71 67 85 83
2 = Males predominantly 4 2 9 7 3 4 5 3 7 1 3
3 = Equally 9 5 15 18 2 11 6 1 2 6 1
4 = Females predominant 5 1 18 5 5 13 6 1
5 = Females exclusively 55 15 51 19 29 78 74 2 1
-1 = Task Present, sex 31 45 19 56 32 5 6 17 44 31 7 74
MISCELLANEOUS
142. FIRE
143. LAUNDERING
144. BODILY MUTILATION
145. BONESETTING/SURGERY
146. BURDEN CARRYING
147. BOATBUILDING
148. HOUSEBUILDING
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
142 143 144 145 146 147 148
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
-1 = Task Present, sex 96 9 45 17 6 5 6
. = No data on task 1 59 22 88 31 11 1
0 = Task absent 3 52 13 37 3 79 1
1 = Males exclusively 40 5 36 34 18 84 105
2 = Males predominantly 6 4 6 12 3 30
3 = Equally 16 4 48 4 46 3 14
4 = Females predominant 4 8 6 34 9
5 = Females exclusively 20 49 12 36 1 20
notes on these codes
CULTURAL COMPLEXITY (aka MODERNIZATION: see On Campus: Cultural Complexity Revisited Trevor Denton
OffCampus: Cultural Complexity Revisited Trevor Denton)
Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost. 1971. ETHNOLOGY 12:379-392.
Datafile: STDS06.DAT Vars. 149-158 cultural complexity
149. SCALE 1- WRITING AND RECORDS
73 1 = None
49 2 = Mnemonic devices
21 3 = Nonwritten records
12 4 = True writing; no records
31 5 = True writing; records
150. SCALE 2- FIXITY OF RESIDENCE
28 1 = Nomadic
21 2 = Seminomadic
20 3 = Semisedentary
15 4 = Sedentary; impermanent
102 5 = Sedentary
151. SCALE 3- AGRICULTURE
38 1 = None
17 2 = 10% food supply
11 3 = 10%; secondary
63 4 = Primary; not intensive
57 5 = Primary; intensive
152. SCALE 4- URBANIZATION
56 1 = fewer than 100 persons
43 2 = 100-199 persons
33 3 = 200-399 persons
30 4 = 400-999 persons
24 5 = 1000 persons
153. SCALE 5- TECHNOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION
39 1 = None
27 2 = Pottery only
31 3 = Loom weaving only
56 4 = Metalwork only
33 5 = Smiths, weavers, potters
154. SCALE 6- LAND TRANSPORT
108 1 = Human only
42 2 = Pack animals
14 3 = Draft animals
11 4 = Animal-drawn vehicles
11 5 = Automotive vehicles
155. SCALE 7- MONEY
77 1 = None
14 2 = Domestically usable articles
43 3 = Alien currency
27 4 = Elementary forms
25 5 = True money
156. SCALE 8- DENSITY OF POPULATION
58 1 = less than 1 person/square mile
25 2 = 1-5 persons/square mile
28 3 = 5.1-25 persons/square mile
35 4 = 26-100 persons/square mile
40 5 = 100 persons/square mile
157. SCALE 9- POLITICAL INTEGRATION
11 1 = None
72 2 = Autonomous local communities
46 3 = 1 level above community
28 4 = 2 levels above community
29 5 = 3 levels above community
158. SCALE 10- SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
65 1 = Egalitarian
52 2 = Hereditary slavery
19 3 = 2 social classes, no castes/slavery
20 4 = 2 social classes, castes/slavery
30 5 = 3 social classes or castes, with or without slavery
158.1. SUM OF CULTURAL COMPLEXITY (v149-v158)
10 = lowest
50 = highest
notes on these codes
notes on these codes
SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES
Broude,Gwen, and Sarah J. Greene. 1976. ETHNOLOGY 15:409-429.
Datafile: STDS07.DAT Vars. 159-178 sexual practices & attitudes
159. TALK ABOUT SEX
126 . = Missing data
18 1 = Adults and adults talk explicitly
2 2 = Except with children
13 3 = Except with certain people
9 4 = Only with intimates
18 5 = Never
160. SEX FREQUENCY IN MARRIAGE
120 . = Missing data
11 1 = No abstinence
40 2 = Abstinence at times
6 3 = Moderation
9 4 = Abstinence admired
161. SEX BELIEVED DANGEROUS
152 . = Missing data
14 1 = Absent
4 2 = With specific categories
9 3 = Only unusual practices
1 4 = Only sexual secretions
6 5 = Always
162. FOREPLAY
151 . = Missing data
18 1 = Present
4 2 = Minimal
13 3 = Absent
163. AGE FOR CLOTHING- MALE
147 . = Missing data
6 1 = Never
1 2 = Adulthood
9 3 = Puberty
19 4 = Toddler to puberty
1 5 = Toddler
3 6 = At birth
164. AGE FOR CLOTHING- FEMALE
138 . = Missing data
4 1 = Never
2 2 = Adulthood
7 3 = Puberty
27 4 = Toddler to puberty
5 5 = Toddler
3 6 = At birth
165. PREMARITAL SEX ATTITUDES- FEMALE
56 . = Missing data
30 1 = Expected
28 2 = Tolerated
22 3 = Mildly disapproved
11 4 = Moderately disapproved
4 5 = Disallowed
35 6 = Strongly disapproved
166. FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX- MALE
84 . = Missing data
60 1 = Universal
18 2 = Moderate
11 3 = Occasional
13 4 = Uncommon
167. FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX- FEMALE
77 . = Missing data
51 1 = Universal
19 2 = Moderate
16 3 = Occasional
23 4 = Uncommon
168. INITIATOR OF PREMARITAL SEX
156 . = Missing data
5 1 = Women always
- 2 = Women more than men
9 3 = Both equally
5 4 = Men more than women
11 5 = Men always
169. EXTRAMARITAL SEX
77 . = Missing data
13 1 = Single standard- both allowed
48 2 = Double standard- husband only
24 3 = Double standard- both forbidden, women punished more
24 4 = Single standard- both condemned equally
170. FREQUENCY OF EXTRAMARITAL SEX- MALE
135 . = Missing data
6 1 = Universal
29 2 = Moderate
6 3 = Occasional
10 4 = Uncommon
171. FREQUENCY OF EXTRAMARITAL SEX- FEMALE
133 . = Missing data
6 1 = Universal
23 2 = Moderate
9 3 = Occasional
15 4 = Uncommon
172. WIFESHARING
83 . = Missing data
4 1 = For any reason
11 2 = Vis-a-vis specific group men
5 3 = Vis-a-vis specific man
7 4 = Occasionally for sex gratification
3 5 = For husband's economic benefit
11 6 = Aside from sex gratification
62 7 = None
173. RAPE
147 . = Missing data
9 1 = Accepted/ignored
4 2 = Ridiculed
8 3 = Mildly disapproved
18 4 = Strongly disapproved
174. FREQUENCY OF RAPE
155 . = Missing data
8 1 = Absent
10 2 = Rare
13 3 = Common
175. MALE SEXUAL AGGRESSIVENESS
126 . = Missing data
5 1 = Men diffident, shy
7 2 = Men sexually forward but not diffident
26 3 = Men forward verbally
7 4 = Men forward physically
6 5 = Men forward; hostile occasionally
9 6 = Men forward; hostile typically
176. HOMOSEXUALITY
146 . = Missing data
9 1 = Accepted/ignored
4 2 = None
6 3 = Ridiculed, no punishment
4 4 = Mildly disapproved
17 5 = Strongly disapproved
177. FREQUENCY OF HOMOSEXUALITY
117 . = Missing data
40 1 = Absent
29 2 = Present
178. IMPOTENCE
149 . = Missing data
7 1 = No concern
30 2 = Concern
notes on these codes
CLIMATE DATA FROM WEATHER STATIONS
Whiting, John W. M. (New Codes: Not Previously Published)
Datafile: STDS08.DAT Vars. 179-199 climate
These codes are taken from Climate maps, for weather stations closest to
the time and place of each societal focus.
179. LATITUDE OF WEATHER STATION
0 = Min (Equator)
80 = Max (Pole)
180. LATITUDE HEMISPHERE
128 1 = North
52 2 = South
181. LONGITUDE OF WEATHER STATION
0 = Min (Greenwich Meridian passes through London)
180 = Max (mid-Pacific Meridian)
182. LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE
104 3 = East
75 4 = West
183. ALTITUDE IN METERS
0 = Min
3822 = Max
184. YEARS OF OBSERVATION--TEMPERATURE
00 = Min (l900)
70 = Max (l970)
185. YEARS OF OBSERVATION--PRECIPITATION
00 = Min (l900)
73 = Max (l973)
186. MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (xC)
-16 = Min
29 = Max
187. HOTTEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (xC)
3 = Min
46 = Max
188. COLDEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (xC)
-28 = Min
44 = Max
189. MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (mm)
0 = Min
4819 = Max
190. MEAN DAILY MIN COLDEST MONTH (xC)
-61 = Min
24 = Max
191. MEAN DAILY MAX HOTTEST MONTH (xC)
-2 = Min
41 = Max
192. HIGHEST PRECIPITATION IN WETTEST MONTH (mm)
0 = Min
670 = Max
193. LOWEST PRECIPITATION IN DRYEST MONTH (mm)
0 = Min
295 = Max
194. WETTEST MONTH
11 1 = Jan
- 2 = Feb
2 3 = March
6 4 = Apr
12 5 = May
20 6 = June
39 7 = July
38 8 = Aug
23 9 = Sept
15 10 = Oct
5 11 = Nov
7 12 = Dec
195. DRYEST MONTH
52 1 = Jan
36 2 = Feb
12 3 = March
11 4 = Apr
4 5 = May
10 6 = June
16 7 = July
8 8 = Aug
3 9 = Sept
2 10 = Oct
4 11 = Nov
20 12 = Dec
196. NUMBER OF DRY MONTHS
76 0 = None
8 1 =
13 2 =
10 3 =
19 4 =
13 5 =
15 6 =
10 7 =
8 8 =
1 9 =
3 10 =
1 11 =
9 12 =
197. HOTTEST MONTH
2 1 = Jan
5 2 = Feb
11 3 = Mar
23 4 = Apr
30 5 = May
13 6 = June
66 7 = July
18 8 = Aug
7 9 = Sept
2 10 = Oct
2 11 = Nov
24 12 = Dec
198. COLDEST MONTH
117 1 = Jan
14 2 = Feb
1 3 = Mar
1 4 = Apr
- 5 = May
4 6 = June
7 7 = July
8 8 = Aug
1 9 = Sept
2 10 = Oct
1 11 = Nov
22 12 = Dec
Note distribution of sample and earth's population is more towards the
cold Northerly regions (coldest in January) than the cold Southerly
regions (coldest in July).
199. NUMBER OF FROST MONTHS
158 0 = None
1 1 =
- 2 =
- 3 =
- 4 =
1 5 =
1 6 =
7 7 =
3 8 =
6 9 =
2 10 =
5 11 =
2 12 =
notes on these codes
ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS
Murdock, George P. 1962-1971. Installments in ETHNOLOGY.
STDS09.DAT 200-231
STDS10.DAT 232-268
STDS11.DAT 269
STDS12.DAT 270-292
200. REGION
28 1 = Africa
Exclusive of Madagascar and the Sahara
28 2 = Circum-Mediterranean
North Africa, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Semitic Near East
34 3 = East Eurasia
including Madagascar and Islands in Indian Ocean
31 4 = Insular Pacific
including Australia, Indonesia, Formosa, Phillipines
33 5 = North America
indigenous societies to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
32 6 = South America
including Antilles, Yucatan, Central America
201. AREA
1 - 10 (Murdock 1962, ETHNOLOGY 1: 124-134)
1 AFRICA 2 CIRCUM 3 E EUR 4 INS PAC 5 N AMER 6 S AMER
1 Afr. Hunters Ethiop-Horn Middle East Phl-Formosa Arctic Amer C.America
2 S.Afr. Bantu Mosl. Sudan Cntrl. Asia W.Indonesia N.W.Coast Caribbean
3 C. Bantu Sahara Arctic Asia E.Indonesia California Guiana
4 N.E.Bantu N. Africa East Asia New Guinea Gr.Basin-Pl Lower Amaz
5 Equit. Bantu S. Europe Himalayas Australia Plains Inner Amaz
6 Guinea Coast Overseas E. N.-C.India Micronesia Prarie Andes
7 W. Sudan N.W. Europe South India W.Melanesia E.Woodlands Chile-Pata
8 Nigerian Pt. E. Europe Indian Ocn. E.Melanesia Southwest Gran Chago
9 E. Sudan Turk-Caus. Assam-Burma W.Polynesia N.W.Mexico Mato Grosso
0 Upper Nile Sem.Near E. S.E.Asia E.Polynesia C.Mexico E. Brazil
202. EA NUMBER
1 - 51 (Within Area)
203-207: SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY: PERCENTAGE DEPENDENCE
203. DEPENDENCE ON GATHERING
204. DEPENDENCE ON HUNTING
205. DEPENDENCE ON FISHING
206. DEPENDENCE ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
207. DEPENDENCE ON AGRICULTURE
Number of Cases for Each Variable:
203 204 205 206 207
Gath Hunt Fish Anim Agri
0 = 0 - 5% Dependence 86 64 57 77 44
1 = 6 - 15% 51 47 55 39 11
2 = 16 - 25% 23 33 29 29 4
3 = 26 - 35% 9 19 14 19 2
4 = 36 - 45% 9 11 12 7 16
5 = 46 - 55% 4 5 11 3 36
6 = 56 - 65% 3 3 5 2 39
7 = 66 - 75% - 2 1 1 17
8 = 76 - 85% 1 1 1 4 13
9 = 86 - 100% - 1 1 5 4
208. MODE OF MARRIAGE
209. MODE OF MARRIAGE (ALTERNATE)
208 209
Mode Altern
1 = Bride-Price or -Wealth, to bride's family 71 9
2 = Dowry, to bride from her family 24 15
3 = Gift Exchange, reciprocal 16 4
4 = Absence of Consideration 15 -
5 = Bride-Service, to bride's family 9 3
6 = Token Bride-price 42 -
7 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged for Bride 9 9
9 = No Alternative 146
210. DOMESTIC ORGANIZATION
1 . = Missing Data
14 1 = Independent Nuclear Family, Monogamous
43 2 = Independent Nuclear Family, occasional Polygyny
3 3 = Independent Polyandrous Families
6 4 = Polygynous: Unusual Co-wives Pattern (4, 6 below)
21 5 = Polygynous: Usual Co-Wife Pattern (3, 5 below)
12 6 = Minimal (stem) extended families
44 7 = Small Extended Families
42 8 = Large Extended Families
211. COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC GROUP
1 . = Missing Data
14 1 = Independent Nuclear, Monogamous
43 2 = Independent Nuclear, Occasional Polygyny
4 3 = Preferentially Sororal, Cowives in same dwelling
1 4 = Preferentially Sororal, Cowives separate dwellings
17 5 = Non-Sororal, Cowives in separate dwellings
5 6 = Non-Sororal, Cowives in same dwelling
3 7 = Independent Polyandrous Families
98 9 = Extended Family
212. MARITAL COMPOSITION WITHIN EXTENDED FAMILIES
21 1 = Monogamy
39 2 = Occasional or limited polygyny
12 3 = Preferentially sororal, co-wives in same dwelling
1 4 = Preferentially sororal, co-wives separate dwelling
16 5 = Non-sororal, co-wives separate dwelling
9 6 = Non-sororal polygyny, co-wives in same dwelling
88 9 = Polyandry, or no extended family
213. MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: FIRST YEARS
1 . = Missing Data
147 -1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
4 0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
30 2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
1 4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
4 7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
214. TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: FIRST YEARS
1 . = Missing Data
147 -1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#216)
3 1 = Wife to Husband's Group (7 above)
1 2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (4 above)
30 3 = Husband to Wife's Group (2 above)
4 9 = No Common Residence (0 above)
* Note: get rid of this variable (redundant)
215. MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: AFTER FIRST YEARS
1 . = Missing Data
1 0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
16 1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unilineal kin group
14 2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
1 3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
15 4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
8 5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother's brother
1 6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality
41 7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
71 8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin group
17 9 = Neolocal: independent of kin
216. TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: AFTER FIRST YEARS
1 . = Missing Data
121 1 = Wife to Husband's Group (5, 6, 7, 8 above)
33 2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (3, 4, 9 above)
30 3 = Husband to Wife's Group (1, 2 above)
1 9 = No Common Residence (0 above)
217. MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: ALTERNATE FORM
1 . = Missing Data
107 -1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
- 0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
- 1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unilineal kin group
28 2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
1 3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
2 4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
9 5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother's brother
- 6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality
16 7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
2 8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin group
20 9 = Neolocal: independent of kin
218. TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: ALTERNATE FORM
1 . = Missing Data
107 -1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
27 1 = Wife to Husband's Group (5, 6, 7, 8 above)
23 2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (3, 4, 9 above)
28 3 = Husband to Wife's Group (1, 2 above)
219. COMMUNITY MARRIAGE ORGANIZATION
220. COMMUNITY MARRIAGE ORGANIZATION (Alternate)
219 220
Cmnty. Altern.
. = Missing Data 4 -
1 = Demes (not segmented into clan barrios) 17 -
2 = Segmented communities without local exogamy 40 3
3 = Agamous communities 66 -
4 = Exogamous communities (not clans) 28 -
5 = Segmented communities (containing localized
clans) with local exogamy 2 -
6 = Clan communities (or clan barrios) 29 -
9 = No secondary organization - 183
221. LARGEST PATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
222. LARGEST PATRILINEAL EXOGAMOUS GROUP (IF DIFFERENT)
223. LARGEST MATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
224. LARGEST MATRILINEAL EXOGAMOUS GROUP (IF DIFFERENT)
Patrilineal Matrilineal
221 222 223 224
Largest Exog.
. = Missing Data 1 - 1 -
1 = None 104 - 144 -
2 = Exogamous Group - - 3 -
3 = Lineages in a Single Community 18 12 7 2
4 = Sibs (Lineages in Multiple Communities) 42 5 15 3
5 = Phratries (Maximally Extended Sibs) 15 - 5 -
6 = Moieties 6 - 11 -
7 = No Difference 169 181
225. COGNATIC KIN GROUPS
226. SECONDARY COGNATIC KIN GROUP: WHERE BOTH KINDREDS AND RAMAGES
225 226
Cogn. 2nd
. = Missing Data 1 -
1 = Bilateral descent 48 -
2 = Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin-groups 27 2
3 = Ambilineal descent: lacking true ramages - -
4 = Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups 7 1
5 = Exogamous ramages 2 -
6 = Quasi-lineages: filiation based, not descent 4 -
9 = Unilineal descent groups 97
9 = No Secondary cognatic group 183
227. NUMBER OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Allowed)
228. NUMBER OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Preferred)
* Note changein order from 227 229 228 230 239
227 228
Alwd. Pref.
. = Missing Data 13 2
1 = All four cousins 25 -
2 = Three of four cousins 8 -
3 = Two of four cousins (e.g., paternal) 44 19
4 = One of four cousins (e.g., FaBrDa) 6 36
5 = No first cousins 19 4
6 = First and some second cousins excluded 2 2
7 = No first, unknown for second 27 -
8 = No first or second cousins 42 -
9 = No preferential or prescriptive unions 123
229. SUBTYPES OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Allowed)
230. SUBTYPES OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Preferred) 228
229 230
Alwd. Pref.
. = Missing Data 13 2
1 = FaSiDa - 5
2 = Paternal (FBD if only one) 1 8
3 = Uncle's Da - -
4 = Other 165 25
5 = Aunt's Da - -
6 = Maternal 1 -
8 = MoBrDa 6 23
9 = No preferential or prescriptive unions 123
231. KIN TERMS FOR COUSINS
14 . = Missing Data
16 1 = Descriptive terms, e.g. 'mothers brothers son'
1 2 = Siblings, cross and parallel cousins distinguished
but not by descriptive terms
45 3 = Cross cousins versus parallel are siblings
4 4 = Mixed or deviant
14 5 = Generational merging; MoBrCh up; FaSCh down
15 6 = Generational merging; MoBrCh down; FaSCh up
23 7 = Cousins versus siblings
54 8 = Siblings plus cousins equated
notes on these codes
232. INTENSITY OF CULTIVATION
42 1 = No agriculture
10 2 = Casual agriculture, incidental to other subsistence modes
55 3 = Extensive or shifting agriculture, long fallow, and new
fields cleared annually
18 4 = Horticulture, vegetal gardens or groves of fruit trees
32 5 = Intensive agriculture, using fertilization, crop rotation,
or other techniques to shorten or eliminate fallow period
29 6 = Intensive irrigated agriculture
233. MAJOR CROP TYPE
44 1 = None or none specified
- 2 = Non-food crops only, such as cotton or tobacco
- 3 = Vegetables
13 4 = Tree fruits
38 5 = Roots or tubers
91 6 = Cereal grains
234. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
26 1 = Nomadic or fully migratory
24 2 = Seminomadic
13 3 = Semisedentary
3 4 = Compact but impermanent settlements
20 5 = Neighborhoods of dispersed family homesteads
17 6 = Separated hamlets, forming a single community
75 7 = Compact and relatively permanent settlements
8 8 = Complex settlements
235. MEAN SIZE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES
38 . = Missing data
31 1 = Fewer than 50
29 2 = 50-99
24 3 = 100-199
17 4 = 200-399
12 5 = 400-1000
4 6 = 1,000 without any town of more than 5000
10 7 = One or more towns of 5,000-50,000
21 8 = One or more cities of more than 50,000
236. JURISDICTIONAL HIERARCHY OF LOCAL COMMUNITY
45 3 = Two levels (theoretical minimum, e.g., family and band)
117 4 = Three levels
24 5 = Four levels (e.g., nuclear family, extended family,
clan barrios, village levels)
* Note: Recode this variable 2-4
237. JURISDICTIONAL HIERARCHY BEYOND LOCAL COMMUNITY
2 . = Missing data
82 1 = No levels (no political authority beyond community)
48 2 = One level (e.g., petty chiefdoms)
23 3 = Two levels (e.g., larger chiefdoms)
19 4 = Three levels (e.g., states)
12 5 = Four levels (e.g., large states)
238. HIGH GODS
18 . = Missing data
68 1 = Absent or not reported
47 2 = Present but not active in human affairs
13 3 = Present and active in human affairs but not
supportive of human morality
40 4 = Present, active, and specifically supportive of human morality
239. GAMES
The code below can also be expressed in a semi-order or partial Guttman
scale, as there are five latent classes or dominant scale types:
for P C S, these are - - - + - - + + - + - + + + +
14 . = Missing data
12 1 = None of the three types
64 2 = Physical skill
1 3 = Chance
4 4 = Strategy
47 5 = Skill and chance
22 6 = Skill and strategy
- 7 = Chance and strategy
22 8 = All
240. POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS
79 . = Missing data
5 1 = None
24 2 = No longer than 1 month
33 3 = 1 to 6 months
8 4 = 6 months to 1 year
19 5 = More than one year to two years
18 6 = More than two years
241. MALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS
5 . = Missing data
131 0 = Absent
5 1 = Within first two months after birth
1 2 = Two months to two years
5 3 = Two to five years
16 4 = Six to ten years
17 5 = 11 to 15 years
2 6 = 16 to 25 years
- 7 = 25 to 50 years
1 8 = After 50 years
3 9 = Normal age unclear
242. SEGREGATION OF ADOLESCENT BOYS
29 . = Missing data
108 1 = Absence
19 2 = Partial
8 3 = Complete, with relatives outside nuclear family
4 4 = Complete, with non-relatives
18 5 = Complete, with peers
243. ANIMALS AND PLOW CULTIVATION
153 1 = Absent (no plow animals)
2 2 = Not aboriginal but well established at period
of observation
31 3 = Prior to contract
244. PREDOMINANT TYPE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
55 1 = Absence or near absence of large domestic animals
30 2 = Pigs the only large domestic animals
15 3 = Sheep and/or goats without larger domestic animals
10 4 = Equine animals (horses, donkeys)
3 5 = Deer (reindeer)
5 6 = Camels, alpacas, or llamas
68 7 = Bovine animals (cattle, mithun, water buffalo, yaks)
245. MILKING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
129 1 = Little or no milking, or insufficient information
57 2 = Milked more often than sporadically
246. SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY
15 1 = Gathering
19 2 = Fishing
12 3 = Hunting
16 4 = Pastoral
22 5 = Incipient agriculture
45 6 = Extensive agriculture
57 7 = Intensive agriculture
Note: this is a poor code, not in the original, and should be replaced
247. DESCENT: MAJOR TYPE (From Variables 121-126)
72 1 = Patrilineal
9 2 = Duolateral
27 3 = Matrilineal
5 4 = Quasi-lineages
8 5 = Ambilineal
65 6 = Bilateral
248. SEX DIFFERENCES IN METAL WORKING
249. SEX DIFFERENCES IN WEAVING
250. SEX DIFFERENCES IN LEATHER WORKING
251. SEX DIFFERENCES IN POTTERY MAKING
252. SEX DIFFERENCES IN BOAT BUILDING
253. SEX DIFFERENCES IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
* Note changes in order from 248 250 252 254 256 258
* 248 249 250 251 252 253
* MET WEA LEA POT BOA HOU
. = Missing data 2 13 48 15 26 35 .
1 = Males alone or almost alone 79 20 32 10 75 91 M
2 = Males appreciably more 1 3 1 2 5 17 N
3 = Differentiation but equal participation - 5 - 4 - 19 D
4 = Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation - - 1 2 - 4 E
5 = Females appreciably more - 1 3 2 - 5 G
6 = Females alone or almost alone - 48 32 72 1 14 F
7 = Gender irrelevant, esp. industrialized 1 - - 1 - - I
8 = Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 1 9 22 20 19 1 P
9 = Activity absent or unimportant 102 87 47 58 60 - O
254. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN METAL WORKING
255. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN WEAVING
256. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN LEATHER WORKING
257. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN POTTERY MAKING
258. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN BOAT BUILDING
259. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
* Note changes in order from 249 251 253 255 257 259
* 249 250 251 252 253 254
* MET WEA LEA POT BOA HOU
. = Missing data 2 13 48 15 26 35
0 = Performed by any or most adults 4 69 73 89 88 137
1 = Junior age specialization (before puberty) - - - - - -
2 = Senior age specialization (beyond prime) - - - - - -
3 = Craft specialization 76 16 18 23 12 14
4 = Industrialized specialization 2 1 - 1 - -
9 = Activity absent 102 87 47 58 60 -
* Note: check which is missing data
260. SEX DIFFERENCES IN GATHERING
261. SEX DIFFERENCES IN HUNTING
262. SEX DIFFERENCES IN FISHING
263. SEX DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
264. SEX DIFFERENCES IN AGRICULTURE
* Note changes in order from 260 262 264 266 268
* 260 261 262 263 264
* GAT HUN FIS ANI AGR
. = Missing data 23 6 12 21 7
0 1
1 = Males alone or almost alone 4 153 66 37 17
2 = Males appreciably more 5 2 43 23 38
3 = Differentiation but equal participation 3 - 10 18 14
4 = Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 11 - 8 14 25
5 = Females appreciably more 24 - 5 4 36
6 = Females alone or almost alone 64 - 3 12 6
7 = Gender irrelevant, esp. industrialized
8 = Activity present: sex partic. unspecified 4 - 1 2 -
9 = Activity absent or unimportant 48 25 38 55 42
265. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN GATHERING
266. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN HUNTING
267. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN FISHING
268. AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
. AGRICULTURE (NOT CODED)
* Note changes in order from 261 263 265 267
* 265 266 267 268
* GAT HUN FIS ANI
. = Missing data 23 6 12 21
0 = Performed by any or most adults 114 147 126 104
1 = Junior age specialization (before puberty) 1 1 - 4
2 = Senior age specialization (beyond prime)
3 = Craft specialization - 7 10 3
4 = Industrialized specialization - - - -
9 = Activity absent or unimportant 48 25 38 55
notes on these codes
269. Murdock's Language Code: Revised in a later issue; no codes here.
notes on these codes
270. CLASS STRATIFICATION
271. CLASS STRATIFICATION, SECONDARY FEATURE
* 270 271
Class Secd.
. = Missing data - -
1 = Absence among freemen 76 -
2 = Wealth distinctions 45 3
3 = Elite (based on control of land
or other resources) 3 4
4 = Dual (hereditary aristocracy) 37 4
5 = Complex (social classes) 25 2
9 = No second type or absence of stratification 173
272. CASTE STRATIFICATION (ENDOGAMY)
273. CASTE STRATIFICATION, SECONDARY TYPE
* 272 273
Caste Secd.
. = Missing data 5 -
1 = Absent or insignificant 154 -
2 = Despised occupational group(s) 17 1
3 = Ethnic stratification 3 1
4 = Complex 7 -
9 = No second type or absence of stratification 184
274. TYPE OF SLAVERY
6 . = Missing data
100 1 = Absence or near absence
27 2 = Incipient or nonhereditary
9 3 = Reported but type not identified
44 4 = Hereditary and socially significant
275. FORMER PRESENCE OF SLAVERY
136 1 = Absent or no difference from preceding column
50 2 = Formerly present
276. SUCCESSION TO THE OFFICE OF LOCAL HEADMAN
23 . = Missing data
58 1 = Patrilineal heir
17 2 = Matrilineal heir
5 3 = Nonhereditary (appointed by higher authority)
7 4 = Nonhereditary on basis of seniority or age
9 5 = Nonhereditary through influence (wealth or
social status)
24 6 = Nonhereditary through election or other
formal consensus
23 7 = Nonhereditary through informal consensus
20 9 = Absence of any such office
277. SUCCESSION TO OFFICE OF LOCAL HEADMAN, BREAKDOWN OF HEREDITARY
SUCCESSION
23 . = Missing data
44 1 = Hereditary by a son (patrilineal)
14 2 = Hereditary by other patrilineal heir (e.g., YoBr)
8 3 = Hereditary by a sister's son (matrilineal)
9 4 = Hereditary by other matrilineal heir (e.g., YoBr)
88 9 = Nonhereditary or absence of any such office
RULE OR PRACTICE FOR INHERITANCE
278. INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY (LAND)
279. INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
* Note change in order from 278 280 278 279
Land Movables
. = Missing data 31 34
1 = Absence of individual property rights or rules 59 22
2 = Matrilineal (sister's sons) 4 5
3 = Other matrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 9 9
4 = Children, with daughters receiving less 12 14
5 = Children, equally for both sexes 9 22
6 = Other patrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers) 8 9
7 = Patrilineal (sons) 54 71
DISTRIBUTION OF INHERITANCE AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF SAME CATEGORY
280. INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY
281. INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
* Note change in order from 279 281 280 281
Land Movables
. = Missing data or absense of rights (#1 above) 91 55
1 = Equal or relatively equal 54 86
2 = Exclusively or predominantly to
the one adjudged best qualified 6 6
3 = Ultimogeniture (to the junior individual) 4 5
4 = Primogeniture (to the senior individual) 28 27
9 = Missing data Note: Change 9 to "." 3 7
282. NORMS OF PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR OF GIRLS
40 . = Missing data
13 1 = Early marriage of females (at or before puberty)
38 2 = Insistence on virginity
37 3 = Prohibited but weakly censured and not infrequent
16 4 = Allowed, censured only if pregnancy results
5 5 = Trial marriage, promiscuous relations prohibited
37 6 = Freely permitted, even if pregnancy results
283. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: GROUND PLAN
4 . = Missing data
1 1 = Semicircular
59 2 = Circular
6 3 = Elliptical or elongated with rounded ends
- 4 = Polygonal
107 5 = Rectangular or square
9 6 = Quadrangular around (if only partially) inner court
284. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: FLOOR LEVEL
5 . = Missing data
13 1 = Subterranean or semi-subterranean (ignoring cellars)
138 2 = Floor formed by ground
12 3 = Elevated slightly or on raised platform
18 4 = Raised substantially on piles, posts, or piers
285. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: WALL MATERIAL
65 . = Missing data
12 1 = Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick
19 2 = Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
33 3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
1 4 = Bark
1 5 = Hides or skin
6 6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabrics
17 7 = Mats, latticework, or wattle
14 8 = Grass, leaves, or other thatch
17 9 = Adobe, clay, or dried brick
- 10)= Open walls, including temporary screens
*)= Walls indistinguishable from roof
* Note: disaggregate 9 and 10
286. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: SHAPE OF ROOF
10 . = Missing data
10 1 = Rounded or semi-cylindrical
20 2 = Dome or hemisphere
7 3 = Beehive with pointed peak
34 4 = Conical
2 5 = Semi-hemisphere
6 6 = Shad (one slope)
14 7 = Flat or horizontal
68 8 = Gabled (two slopes)
15 9 = Hipped or pyramidal (four slopes)
287. PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: ROOFING MATERIALS
10 . = Missing data
2 1 = Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick
3 2 = Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
10 3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
6 4 = Bark
5 5 = Hides or skin
5 6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabric
9 7 = Mats
118 8 = Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch
18 9 = Earth or turf
10)= Ice or snow (combined with 9)
* Note: disaggregate 9 and 10
288. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: GROUND PLAN
2 1 = Semicircular
18 2 = Circular
3 3 = Elliptical or elongated with rounded ends
- 4 = Polygonal
38 5 = Rectangular or square
7 6 = Quadrangular around (or partially around) an inner court
118 9 = No secondary type
289. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: FLOOR LEVEL
1 . = Missing data
1 1 = Subterranean or semi-subterranean (ignoring cellars)
50 2 = Floor formed by ground
8 3 = Elevated slightly or on raised platform
8 4 = Raised substantially on piles, posts, or piers
118 9 = No secondary type
290. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: WALL MATERIAL
145 . = Missing data or no secondary type
7 1 = Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick
5 2 = Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
10 3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
3 4 = Bark
- 5 = Hides or skin
2 6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabrics
3 7 = Mats, latticework or wattle
3 8 = Grass, leaves, or other thatch
8 9 = Adobe, clay, or dried brick
- 10)= Open walls, including temporary screens
)= Walls indistinguishable from roof
* Note: separate . and 0
* Note: disaggregate 9 and 10
291. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: SHAPE OF ROOF
119 . = Missing data or no secondary type
- 1 = Rounded or semi-cylindrical
1 2 = Dome or hemisphere
- 3 = Beehive with pointed peak
16 4 = Conical
2 5 = Semi-hemisphere
2 6 = Shad (one slope)
7 7 = Flat or horizontal
31 8 = Gabled (two slopes)
8 9 = Hipped or pyramidal (four slopes)
* Note: separate . and 0
292. SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: ROOFING MATERIALS
120 . = Missing data or no secondary type
3 1 = Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick
1 2 = Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
3 3 = Wood, incl. logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
1 4 = Bark
5 5 = Hides or skin
2 6 = Felt, cloth or other fabric
4 7 = Mats
42 8 = Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch
5 9 = Earth or turf
10)= Ice or snow (combined with 9)
* Note: separate . and 0
* Note: disaggregate 9 and 10
notes on these codes
TRAITS INCULCATED IN CHILDHOOD
Barry, Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall
1976. ETHNOLOGY 15:83-114.
STDS13.DAT Variables: 293-336
293. Duration of Early Childhood
87 1 = short (ending at about 7 years of age)
36 2 = medium (ending at about 9 years of age)
56 3 = long (ending at about 11 years of age or later)
7 . = Missing data
294. Fortitude: Early Boy
295. Fortitude: Early Girl
296. Fortitude: Late Boy
297. Fortitude: Late Girl
Early Late
Boy Girl Boy Girl
. = Missing data 46 55 31 41
0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait - - - -
1 = - 1 - -
2 = 17 19 3 5
3 = 16 17 5 11
4 = 11 13 11 9
5 = moderately strong inculcation 61 60 40 50
6 = 24 15 49 44
7 = 3 1 14 12
8 = 6 3 24 12
9 = 2 2 8 12
extremely strong inculcation - - 1 -
298. Aggression: Early Boy
299. Aggression: Early Girl
300. Aggression: Late Boy
301. Aggression: Late Girl
. = Missing data 53 68 38 58
0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait - - - -
1 = 6 7 4 5
2 = 25 30 9 16
3 = 14 15 11 16
4 = 7 10 9 10
5 = moderately strong inculcation 40 30 40 38
6 = 28 17 43 26
7 = 1 2 5 5
8 = 8 5 19 10
9 = 3 1 6 1
extremely strong inculcation 1 1 2 1
302. Competitiveness: Early Boy
303. Competitiveness: Early Girl
304. Competitiveness: Late Boy
305. Competitiveness: Late Girl
. = Missing data 75 80 51 60
0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait 6 6 5 5
1 = - - - -
2 = 21 21 15 17
3 = 15 15 18 16
4 = 9 9 9 10
5 = moderately strong inculcation 38 35 42 44
6 = 18 18 30 25
7 = 2 1 2 1
8 = - - 11 7
9 = 2 1 3 1
306. Self-reliance: Early Boy
307. Self-reliance: Early Girl
308. Self-reliance: Late Boy
309. Self-reliance: Late Girl
. = Missing data 31 33 26 33
0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait 1 2 1 1
1 = 7 8 4 5
2 = 39 48 6 10
3 = 27 29 5 15
4 = 9 11 5 10
5 = moderately strong inculcation 42 35 34 48
6 = 16 12 39 34
7 = 2 4 6 6
8 = 10 4 48 19
9 = 2 - 11 4
extremely strong inculcation - - 1 1
310. Achievement: Early Boy
311. Achievement: Early Girl
312. Achievement: Late Boy
313. Achievement: Late Girl
. = Missing data 40 50 24 33
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait 1 1 - -
1 = 3 2 1 2
2 = 49 49 14 7
3 = 23 24 16 16
4 = 4 4 8 8
5 = moderately strong inculcation 44 36 46 51
6 = 17 17 47 45
7 = 1 1 3 4
8 = 3 2 22 18
9 = 1 - 5 2
314. Industry: Early Boy
315. Industry: Early Girl
316. Industry: Late Boy
317. Industry: Late Girl
. = Missing data 20 21 11 11
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait 4 3 - -
1 = 10 3 1 -
2 = 83 62 10 4
3 = 28 35 17 11
4 = 14 13 16 6
5 = moderately strong inculcation 20 35 69 41
6 = 6 14 37 63
7 = - - 3 8
8 = 1 - 19 38
9 = - - 3 4
extremely strong inculcation
318. Responsibility: Early Boy
319. Responsibility: Early Girl
320. Responsibility: Late Boy
321. Responsibility: Late Girl
. = Missing data 35 36 25 28
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait 11 4 3 -
1 = 8 5 - -
2 = 73 63 15 3
3 = 23 32 20 11
4 = 6 5 15 12
5 = moderately strong inculcation 21 33 49 50
6 = 8 7 37 51
7 = - - 2 3
8 = 1 1 19 28
9 = - - 1 -
322. Obedience: Early Boy
323. Obedience: Early Girl
324. Obedience: Late Boy
325. Obedience: Late Girl
. = Missing data 26 25 24 24
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait 2 - 1 -
1 = 3 3 1 -
2 = 27 23 15 10
3 = 11 13 10 10
4 = 14 11 12 11
5 = moderately strong inculcation 45 44 45 45
6 = 27 31 33 36
7 = 2 2 2 3
8 = 22 25 32 32
9 = 4 5 8 11
extremely strong inculcation 3 4 3 4
326. Self-restraint: Early Boy
327. Self-restraint: Early Girl
328. Self-restraint: Late Boy
329. Self-restraint: Late Girl
. = Missing data 52 53 51 54
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait - - - -
1 = 6 7 1 1
2 = 38 32 19 16
3 = 35 31 19 16
4 = 5 7 12 11
5 = moderately strong inculcation 29 34 35 45
6 = 13 14 26 26
7 = - - 2 1
8 = 8 7 20 13
9 = - 1 1 3
330. Sexual restraint: Early Boy
331. Sexual restraint: Early Girl
332. Sexual restraint: Late Boy
333. Sexual restraint: Late Girl
. = Missing data 30 32 22 21
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait 1 1 - -
1 = 14 11 7 4
2 = 67 57 41 32
3 = 22 19 27 18
4 = 14 14 25 25
5 = moderately strong inculcation 30 32 41 24
6 = 7 14 15 27
7 = - 1 2 6
8 = 1 5 6 18
9 = - - - 5
extremely strong inculcation - - - 6
334. Generosity
. = Missing data 82
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait -
1 = 1
2 = 4
3 = 6
4 = 4
5 = moderately strong inculcation 24
6 = 31
7 = 2
8 = 27
9 = 4
extremely strong inculcation 1
335. Trust
. = Missing data 48
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait 1
1 = 6
2 = 19
3 = 5
4 = 15
5 = moderately strong inculcation 34
6 = 18
7 = 11
8 = 25
9 = 3
extremely strong inculcation 1
336. Honesty
. = Missing data 76
0 = no inculcation or opposite trait 1
1 = 5
2 = 18
3 = 15
4 = 12
5 = moderately strong inculcation 28
6 = 16
7 = 5
8 = 8
9 = 1
extremely strong inculcation 1
notes on these codes
AGENTS AND TECHNIQUES OF CHILD TRAINING
Barry, Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall 1977.
ETHNOLOGY 16:191-230.
STDS14.DAT Variables: 337-376 STDS15.DAT Variables: 377-404
STDS16.DAT Variables: 405-432 STDS17.DAT Variables: 433-460
STDS18.DAT Variables: 461-480
337. Importance of Non-Family Companions: Early Boy
338. Importance of Non-Family Companions: Early Girl
339. Importance of Non-Family Companions: Late Boy
340. Importance of Non-Family Companions: Late Girl
Early Late
Boy Girl Boy Girl
. = Missing data 6 6 6 8
1 = Parents predominantly 2 2 1 1
2 = Siblings; not other children 11 12 3 8
3 = Primarily siblings, secondarily
other children 104 105 80 91
4 = Primarily other children, secondarily
siblings 45 44 47 37
5 = Other children; not siblings 18 17 49 41
341. Sex of Companions: Early Boy
342. Sex of Companions: Early Girl
343. Sex of Companions: Late Boy
344. Sex of Companions: Late Girl
. = Missing data 6 6 6 8
1 = Male exclusively 6 - 58 -
2 = Male predominantly 62 - 90 1
3 = Both sexes equally 111 112 31 32
4 = Female predominantly 1 62 1 84
5 = Female exclusively - 6 - 61
345. Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Early Boy
346. Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Early Girl
347. Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Late Boy
348. Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Late Girl
. = Missing data 4 4 4 5
1 = Exclusively parental 56 62 44 48
2 = Single atypical or occasional
category of non-parent 63 67 52 67
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 7 10 4 11
4 = Single category that typical and frequent
but less important than parents 39 28 34 24
5 = Two or more categories, at least oneof
which typical and frequent,
but less important than parents 14 12 19 14
6 = More typical and frequent than parents 3 3 5 3
7 = Exclusively non-parental - - 24 14
349. Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Early Boy
350. Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Early Girl
351. Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Late Boy
352. Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Late Girl
. = Missing data 60 66 53 54
1 = Foster parent 99 90 77 74
2 = Sibling - - - -
3 = Grandparent 7 9 4 11
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 4 2 5 2
5 = Relative (including father's brother) 10 7 15 13
6 = Child 2 3 20 9
7 = Nonrelative 3 9 12 23
8 = Teacher 1 - - -
353. Sex of Parents in Residence: Early Boy
354. Sex of Parents in Residence: Early Girl
355. Sex of Parents in Residence: Late Boy
356. Sex of Parents in Residence: Late Girl
. = Missing data 4 4 28 18
1 = Male exclusively - - 9 -
2 = Male predominantly 2 1 1 1
3 = Both sexes equally 135 135 124 127
4 = Female predominantly 22 21 13 16
5 = Female exclusively 23 25 11 24
357. Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Early Boy
358. Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Early Girl
359. Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Late Boy
360. Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Late Girl
. = Missing data 61 65 52 53
1 = Male exclusively 8 4 33 9
2 = Male predominantly 1 - 1 1
3 = Both sexes equally 114 107 98 105
4 = Female predominantly - 1 - -
5 = Female exclusively 2 9 2 18
361. Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Early Boy
362. Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Early Girl
363. Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Late Boy
364. Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Late Girl
. = Missing data 7 6 26 23
1 = Exclusively parental 33 35 34 39
2 = Single atypical or occasional
category of non-parent 19 19 13 14
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 21 21 17 19
4 = Single category that typical and frequent
but less important than parents 26 24 24 22
5 = Two or more categories, at least one
of which typical and frequent,
but less important than parents 57 59 35 41
6 = More typical and frequent than parents 17 17 9 10
7 = Exclusively non-parental 6 5 28 18
365. Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Early Boy
366. Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Early Girl
367. Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Late Boy
368. Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Late Girl
. = Missing data 40 41 82 74
1 = Foster parent - - - -
2 = Sibling 58 59 40 42
3 = Grandparent 38 39 26 32
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 4 1 2 2
5 = Relative (including father's brother) 18 17 13 14
6 = Child 4 4 4 2
7 = Nonrelative 22 24 18 19
8 = Teacher 1 - 1 1
9 = No agent 1 1 - -
369. Sex of Parental Caretakers: Early Boy
370. Sex of Parental Caretakers: Early Girl
371. Sex of Parental Caretakers: Late Boy
372. Sex of Parental Caretakers: Late Girl
. = Missing data 18 11 54 41
1 = Male exclusively 1 2 11 2
2 = Male predominantly 4 2 3 1
3 = Both sexes equally 26 25 17 17
4 = Female predominantly 35 29 22 22
5 = Female exclusively 102 117 79 103
373. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Early Boy
374. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Early Girl
375. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Late Boy
376. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Late Girl
. = Missing data 41 42 83 77
1 = Male exclusively 5 2 11 2
2 = Male predominantly 4 2 1 -
3 = Both sexes equally 59 54 43 42
4 = Female predominantly 12 11 7 6
5 = Female exclusively 65 75 41 59
notes on these codes
STDS15.DAT Variables: 377-404
377. Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Early Boy
378. Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Early Girl
379. Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Late Boy
380. Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Late Girl
. = Missing data 11 10 14 10
1 = Exclusively parental 61 67 49 62
2 = Single atypical or occasional category
of non-parent 13 15 12 13
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 8 10 5 9
4 = Single category typical and frequent
but less important than parents 45 42 38 41
5 = Two or more categories, at least one of which
typical and frequent, but less important 34 30 33 28
than parents
6 = More typical and frequent than parents 11 9 10 7
7 = Exclusively non-parental 3 3 25 16
381. Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy
382. Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl
383. Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy
384. Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl
. = Missing data 73 78 65 74
1 = Foster parent - - - -
2 = Sibling 33 34 32 32
3 = Grandparent 26 28 22 26
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 17 12 15 8
5 = Relative (including father's brother) 24 23 19 22
6 = Child 3 1 9 4
7 = Nonrelative 9 9 17 15
8 = Teacher 1 1 7 5
385. Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy
386. Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl
387. Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy
388. Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl
. = Missing data 14 13 39 26
1 = Male exclusively 36 17 43 17
2 = Male predominantly 66 58 53 50
3 = Both sexes equally 55 59 43 52
4 = Female predominantly 8 20 3 20
5 = Female exclusively 7 19 5 21
389. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy
390. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl
391. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy
392. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl
. = Missing data 73 78 65 112
1 = Male exclusively 66 48 80 36
2 = Male predominantly 4 5 6 5
3 = Both sexes equally 37 35 29 14
4 = Female predominantly 2 2 2 4
5 = Female exclusively 4 18 4 15
393. Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Early Boy
394. Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Early Girl
395. Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Late Boy
396. Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Late Girl
. = Missing data 57 112 109 113
1 = Exclusively parental 70 32 25 28
2 = Single atypical or occasional category
of non-parent 2 3 2 6
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 3 2 3 2
4 = Single category typical and frequent
but less important than parents 12 11 18 14
5 = Two or more categories, at least one of
which typical and frequent, but less
important than parents 14 13 12 8
6 = More typical and frequent than parents 20 3 4 3
7 = Exclusively non-parental 8 10 13 12
397. Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boy
398. Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girl
399. Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boy
400. Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girl
. = Missing data 147 147 137 144
1 = Foster parent - - - -
2 = Sibling 12 13 10 13
3 = Grandparent 6 7 6 5
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 4 3 3 3
5 = Relative (including father's brother) 5 5 5 5
6 = Child 2 2 7 1
7 = Nonrelative 8 7 9 10
8 = Teacher 2 2 9 5
401. Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boy
402. Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girl
403. Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boy
404. Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girl
. = Missing data 118 122 122 125
1 = Male exclusively 18 8 24 7
2 = Male predominantly 9 7 8 6
3 = Both sexes equally 21 21 18 18
4 = Female predominantly 6 7 2 7
5 = Female exclusively 14 21 12 23
notes on these codes
STDS16.DAT Variables: 405-432
405. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boys
406. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girls
407. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boys
408. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girls
. = Missing data 147 147 137 144
1 = Male exclusively 13 7 24 9
2 = Male predominantly 1 - 1 -
3 = Both sexes equally 20 21 20 21
4 = Female predominantly 1 1 - -
5 = Female exclusively 5 10 4 12
409. Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Early Boys
410. Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Early Girls
411. Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Late Boys
412. Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Late Girls
. = Missing data 10 10 9 9
1 = Exclusively parental 36 51 23 53
2 = Single atypical or occasional category
of non-parent 18 16 16 16
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
categories of non-parent 7 10 7 7
4 = Single category typical and frequent
but less important than parents 26 30 31 26
5 = Two or more categories, at least one of
which typical and frequent, but less
important than parents 46 42 50 44
6 = More typical and frequent than parents 30 21 29 15
7 = Exclusively non-parental 13 6 21 16
413. Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Early Boys
414. Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Early Girls
415. Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Late Boys
416. Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Late Girls
. = Missing data 47 61 33 62
1 = Foster parent - - - -
2 = Sibling 28 28 21 21
3 = Grandparent 18 23 13 15
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only) 7 2 11 1
5 = Relative (including father's brother) 19 20 13 19
6 = Child 37 28 26 13
7 = Nonrelative 21 20 34 33
8 = Teacher 9 4 35 22
417. Sex of Parental Educators: Early Boys
418. Sex of Parental Educators: Early Girls
419. Sex of Parental Educators: Late Boys
420. Sex of Parental Educators: Late Girls
. = Missing data 23 16 31 26
1 = Male exclusively 58 4 117 3
2 = Male predominantly 27 2 18 1
3 = Both sexes equally 51 40 14 11
4 = Female predominantly 17 20 3 12
5 = Female exclusively 10 104 3 133
421. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Early Boys
422. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Early Girls
423. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Late Boys
424. Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Late Girls
. = Missing data 46 61 32 60
1 = Male exclusively 67 5 106 6
2 = Male predominantly 6 1 3 -
3 = Both sexes equally 61 53 42 32
4 = Female predominantly - 5 - 3
5 = Female exclusively 6 61 3 85
425. Guidance or Formal Schooling: Early Boys
426. Guidance or Formal Schooling: Early Girls
427. Guidance or Formal Schooling: Late Boys
428. Guidance or Formal Schooling: Late Girls
. = Missing data 9 9 8 13
1 = Informal training, with minimal guidance 47 45 14 15
2 = Apprenticeship atypical or occasional 20 11 6 1
3 = Apprenticeship typical and frequent but
informal training more prevalent 79 87 42 55
4 = Apprenticeship predominant 8 11 44 46
5 = Formal schooling atypical or occasional 14 10 34 31
6 = Formal schooling typical and frequent 9 13 38 25
429. Use of Example: Early Boys
430. Use of Example: Early Girls
431. Use of Example: Late Boys
432. Use of Example: Late Girls
. = Missing data 34 33 33 31
2 = Childrens activities differ from adults
are not expected to behave like them - - - -
3 = - - - -
4 = - - - -
5 = Children are expected to do things more
or less by example 25 24 20 20
6 = 22 23 23 23
7 = 2 2 2 2
8 = Children frequently shown example; consi-
dered very important in socializing child 79 79 83 84
9 = 21 22 22 23
Example given as most important method
of education, or adults are constantly
showing children how to do things. 3 3 3 3
notes on these codes
STDS17.DAT Variables: 433-460
433. Control by Public Opinion: Early Boys
434. Control by Public Opinion: Early Girls
435. Control by Public Opinion: Late Boys
436. Control by Public Opinion: Late Girls
Public Opinion: degree to which approval by people in general controls
the behavior of children
. = Missing data 95 94 91 92
2 = 3 3 2 2
3 = 2 2 2 2
4 = 2 2 2 2
5 = 20 20 21 20
6 = 28 28 29 30
7 = 2 2 2 2
8 = 30 30 33 31
9 = 4 5 4 5
437. Lecturing: Early Boys
438. Lecturing: Early Girls
439. Lecturing: Late Boys
440. Lecturing: Late Girls
. = Missing data 49 52 45 47
0 = 1 - - -
1 = - - - -
2 = 10 10 6 6
3 = 10 11 9 10
4 = 7 8 6 8
5 = Often, but not constant lectures / myths 48 46 44 42
6 = 25 24 31 28
7 = 4 4 5 5
8 = Almost daily 22 22 29 29
9 = 6 5 8 7
Constant and one of the most important
methods used in socializing child 4 4 3 4
441. Teasing: Early Boys
442. Teasing: Early Girls
443. Teasing: Late Boys
444. Teasing: Late Girls
Teasing: refers to shaming and exposure to ridicule for misconduct.
. = Missing data 85 85 73 74
2 = 9 8 5 5
3 = 8 10 8 9
4 = 4 4 4 4
5 = 34 33 39 38
6 = 24 23 31 30
7 = 2 2 2 2
8 = 19 20 23 23
9 = 1 1 1 1
445. Scolding: Early Boys
446. Scolding: Early Girls
447. Scolding: Late Boys
448. Scolding: Late Girls
Scolding: includes verbal reprimants, nagging, scolding for misbehavior.
. = Missing data 76 74 71 69
0 = 2 2 2 1
1 = 3 2 1 1
2 = 11 13 8 9
3 = 8 7 8 7
4 = 9 9 11 11
5 = 54 54 51 51
6 = 15 16 19 21
7 = 1 1 - -
8 = 7 8 13 14
9 = - - 1 1
449. Warning: Early Boys
450. Warning: Early Girls
451. Warning: Late Boys
452. Warning: Late Girls
Warning: threats of punishment by supernatural beings or strangers.
. = Missing data 87 87 86 87
0 = 1 1 1 -
1 = - - 1 1
2 = 4 4 5 5
3 = 3 3 4 4
4 = 4 4 4 4
5 = 29 29 32 32
6 = 38 38 36 36
7 = 1 1 1 1
8 = 14 14 11 11
9 = 5 5 5 5
453. Corporal Punishment: Early Boys
454. Corporal Punishment: Early Girls
455. Corporal Punishment: Late Boys
456. Corporal Punishment: Late Girls
Corporal Punishment: whipping and any other pain-inflicting treatment.
. = Missing data 41 46 39 46
0 = 9 9 10 8
1 = 6 6 4 4
2 = 35 35 29 30
3 = 17 18 15 15
4 = 12 12 8 9
5 = 39 37 41 39
6 = 20 16 17 16
7 = - - 1 1
8 = 3 3 18 16
9 = 3 1 3 1
457. Ceremonies for Children: Early Boys
458. Ceremonies for Children: Early Girls
459. Ceremonies for Children: Late Boys
460. Ceremonies for Children: Late Girls
Ceremonies for Children: included are those for first animal killed or
first basket woven by young child, or ceremonies like birthday
parties or children's days. Inclusion of children in cultural
ceremonies justifies only moderate scores.
. = Missing data 54 62 40 55
0 = 3 4 1 -
1 = 1 5 - 2
2 = 48 47 20 32
3 = 20 22 18 25
4 = 6 5 5 9
5 = 38 26 61 42
6 = 13 11 32 13
7 = - - 1 -
8 = 3 4 8 8
notes on these codes
STDS18.DAT Variables: 461-480
461. Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Early Boys
462. Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Early Girls
463. Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Late Boys
464. Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Late Girls
Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Material rewards for approved behaviors,
e.g., gifts or conferring of privileges.
. = Missing data 45 50 41 43
2 = 24 20 17 17
3 = 18 22 19 23
4 = 8 8 8 8
5 = 65 61 72 66
6 = 22 19 23 21
7 = - - - -
8 = 4 6 6 8
465. Permissiveness: Early Boys
466. Permissiveness: Early Girls
467. Permissiveness: Late Boys
468. Permissiveness: Late Girls
. = Missing data 17 19 18 18
0 = Harsh socialization by parents or other
authority figures with severe punishment 1 1 1 1
1 = 1 1 5 7
2 = Generally harsh treatment, not extreme 4 7 6 8
3 = 9 7 10 13
4 = 12 17 23 31
5 = Generally moderate or balanced degree
of both harshness and permissiveness 31 37 52 61
6 = 37 41 32 22
7 = 31 29 14 9
8 = Generally indulgent, not extreme 28 19 15 12
9 = 10 6 8 3
Generally lenient and indulgent
permissiveness, minimal punishment or
expression of disapproval 5 2 2 1
469. Affection: Early Boys
470. Affection: Early Girls
471. Affection: Late Boys
472. Affection: Late Girls
Affection: refers primarily to attention and positive interest
expressed toward child.
. = Missing data 31 31 32 33
0 = Minimal expression of affection,
attention, positive interest in child - - - -
1 = - 1 - 1
2 = Generally low expression of affection 6 9 10 13
and attention
3 = 3 3 4 4
4 = 16 19 20 24
5 = Moderate or sporadic expression of
affection and attention 40 35 43 37
6 = 43 41 44 42
7 = 19 21 17 19
8 = Consistent, occasional strong expression 24 22 16 14
9 = 4 4 - -
473. Evaluation by Society: Early Boys
474. Evaluation by Society: Early Girls
475. Evaluation by Society: Late Boys
476. Evaluation by Society: Late Girls
Evaluation by Society: degree to which children are desired and valued.
. = Missing data 14 15 15 15
0 = Children are viewed indifferently or
as a liability by society and
local community - - - -
1 = - 1 - 1
2 = Only slight, sporadic expression of
valuation of children 2 7 2 6
3 = 3 9 3 9
4 = 11 23 9 21
5 = Moderate or occasionally strong
expression of value of children 39 30 39 35
6 = 46 50 48 49
7 = 32 25 32 26
8 = Strong, but no extreme valuation
of children 26 18 27 17
9 = 12 9 11 8
Intense, repeated expression of cultural
valuation for children 1 - 1 -
477. Incorporation into Society: Early Boys
478. Incorporation into Society: Early Girls
479. Incorporation into Society: Late Boys
480. Incorporation into Society: Late Girls
Incorporation into Society: refers to inclusion of children in adult
activities.
. = Missing data 16 16 15 15
0 = Almost complete exclusion from adult
working, ceremonial, social activities 3 3 - -
1 = 22 21 2 -
2 = Children are usually excluded from
membership in adult activities 50 38 7 2
3 = 49 47 14 7
4 = 22 25 13 12
5 = Inconsistent but substantial participation
by children in adult activities 19 32 54 40
6 = 4 3 37 44
7 = - - 27 37
8 = Children closely integrated in adult family
activities with substantial participation
in adult community life 1 1 11 17
9 = - - 6 11
Almost complete, continual inclusion of
children in adult activities - - - 1
notes on these codes
PARENTAL ACCEPTANCE-REJECTION AND PARENTAL CONTROL
Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1982. ETHNOLOGY 20:245-260.
STDS19.DAT Variables: 481-504
481. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Boy
482. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Girl
483. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Aver
484. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Boy
485. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Girl
486. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Aver
487. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Boy
488. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Girl
489. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Aver
490. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Boy
491. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Girl
492. Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Aver
Significant
Maternal Paternal Others Overall
------------ ------------ ------------ -----------
Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Ave
. = Missing data 174 174 115 175 174 126 184 185 165 181 180 89
1 = - - - - - - - - - - - 0
2 = Rarely - - 2 - 1 8 1 - 2 - - 3
3 = - - 1 - - - - - - - - 0
4 = Sometimes - 3 2 4 1 3 - - 1 - - 3
5 = 1 - 3 - 2 2 - - - - - 4
6 = Frequently 2 2 10 1 5 5 - 1 7 - 3 14
7 = 1 1 7 3 1 5 - - 2 2 2 16
8 = Almost Always 8 6 46 3 2 37 1 - 9 3 1 57
493. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Boy
494. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Girl
495. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Aver
496. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Boy
497. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Girl
498. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Aver
499. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Boy
500. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Girl
501. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Aver
502. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Boy
503. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Girl
504. Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Aver
Significant
Maternal Paternal Others Overall
------------ ------------ ------------ -----------
Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Av. Boy Grl Ave
. = Missing data 182 182 141 185 185 145 185 184 171 181 185 74
1 = - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1
2 = Rarely 1 2 21 1 0 23 - - 3 2 1 58
3 = - - 3 - - - - - - 1 - 9
4 = Sometimes 2 2 13 - 1 11 - 1 6 2 0 31
5 = - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - 5
6 = Frequently 1 - 3 - - 4 - - 2 - - 5
7 = - - 1 - - - - - 1 -